Homocysteine Levels and Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review

The most common type of stroke is ischemic stroke. Given that death due to stroke is one of the three leading causes of death globally, it is essential to identify its risk factors, especially modifiable risk factors. Nowadays, High homocysteine is recognized as one of the risk factors for stroke. Our aim in this study was to investigate the association between homocysteine levels and ischemic stroke. We searched the keywords in Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct with a 15-year time limit. At first, 3884 studies were found, and after further investigation and based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, only nine studies were selected. Of the nine selected studies was a clinical trial and eight observational studies, and in total, there were 16227 participants in these studies. The prevalence of ischemic stroke was higher in people with high homocysteine levels than in people with normal homocysteine levels (14.1% vs. 9.8%). The prevalence was generally higher in men, but among people with high homocysteine levels, the prevalence of ischemic stroke was slightly higher in women than in men (12% vs. 11%), and also, in women and men, the prevalence of ischemic stroke was higher in people with high homocysteine levels than in people with normal levels. Based on selected studies, increased homocysteine levels in men and women increases the risk of ischemic stroke. Because homocysteine levels are a modifiable risk factor, diet and prevention of vitamin B12 decrease can help prevent an increased risk of ischemic stroke

Neuroprotective Strategies in the Perioperative Period: A Systematic Review

Surgery and anesthetics may cause brain damage, and the resulting neurological defect can impair the patient's cognitive function. This disorder is one of the most common complications after surgery and causes disorders in several cognitive areas of the patient. The mechanism of this disorder is not fully understood, but Neuronal inflammation is one of the main causes of this disorder. The purpose of this systematic review study was to evaluate neuroprotective drug strategies for the treatment or prevention of surgical disorders associated with anesthesia. We searched the keywords "neuroprotective", "neuroprotection", "postoperative" and "perioperative" in the databases of web of science, Scopus, PubMed, science direct and Google Scholar with a 5-year time limit. At first, 492 articles were obtained and finally, after detailed survey based on exclusion and inclusion criteria, 31 studies were selected to extract data. Findings from studies show that medication and treatment strategies used in group of mice and rats under surgery with treatment can improve Neuronal inflammation and brain damage compared to mice and rats with surgery only and reduce the side effects of surgery and anesthetics

Monkeypox: a systematic review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, and outcomes

Introduction. Since May 2022, an unusually large number of new monkeypox infections-a previously rare viral zoonotic disease, mainly reported from central and western Africa has been reported globally, and the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global health emergency in July 2022. We aimed to systematically review the monkeypox virus epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission, presentations, and outcomes. Materials and methods. Our aim is to systematically review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, and outcomes of Monkeypox disease. We searched the keywords in the online databases of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science and investigated all English articles until December 2022. In order to ascertain the findings, this study adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. In order to optimize the quality, this review study benefits from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. To minimize any probable bias risk, we utilized the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) risk assessment tool. Results. The most prevalent symptoms were rash and fever. The infection was accompanied by different complications such as, but not limited to, encephalitis (mainly in children), septicemia, bacterial cellulitis, retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal abscesses, etc. A wide range of hospitalization from 3.7% to 100% has been reported. The mortality rate ranged from 0% to 23%, which mainly occurred in infants and children. High mortality of the monkeypox rate was reported among pregnant women. The mortality rate of monkeypox is lower among women and those who received the smallpox vaccine compared to men and those who did not receive the vaccine. A wide range of the overall second-rate attack was reported, which is more pronounced in unvaccinated patients. Conclusion. In our systematic review of 35 studies on monkeypox, we cast light on the existing evidence on its epidemiology, pathogenesis, manifestation, and outcomes. Further studies are needed to elucidate the natural history of the disease in various patients’ population, as well as detailing the monkeypox attack rate