Enzymatic synthesis of fatty hydroxamic acid derivatives based on palm kernel oil.

Fatty hydroxamic acid derivatives were synthesized using Lipozyme TL IM catalyst at biphasic medium as the palm kernel oil was dissolved in hexane and hydroxylamine derivatives were dissolved in water: (1) N-methyl fatty hydroxamic acids (MFHAs); (2) N-isopropyl fatty hydroxamic acids (IPFHAs) and (3) N-benzyl fatty hydroxamic acids (BFHAs) were synthesized by reaction of palm kernel oil and N-methyl hydroxylamine (N-MHA), N-isopropyl hydroxylamine (N-IPHA) and N-benzyl hydroxylamine (N-BHA), respectively. Finally, after separation the products were characterized by color testing, elemental analysis, FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. For achieving the highest conversion percentage of product the optimum molar ratio of reactants was obtained by changing the ratio of reactants while other reaction parameters were kept constant. For synthesis of MFHAs the optimum mol ratio of N-MHA/palm kernel oil = 6/1 and the highest conversion was 77.8%, for synthesis of IPFHAs the optimum mol ratio of N-IPHA/palm kernel oil = 7/1 and the highest conversion was 65.4% and for synthesis of BFHAs the optimum mol ratio of N-BHA/palm kernel oil = 7/1 and the highest conversion was 61.7%

Antifungal properties of phenyl fatty hydroxamic acids and their copper complexes synthesized based on canola and palm kernel oils

Phenyl fatty hydroxamic acids (PFHAs) were synthesized by phenyl hydroxylaminolysis of canola or palm kernel oils using lipozyme TL IM as catalyst. Copper complexes of phenyl fatty hydroxamic acids (copper phenyl fatty hydroxamate (Cu-PFHs)) acids were prepared by stirring the phenyl fatty hydroxamic acids which were dissolved in hexane and copper(II) nitrate solution. The antifungal properties of phenyl fatty hydroxamic acids and its copper(II) complex Cu-PFHs based on canola and palm kernel oils were separately investigated against Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus by the disc diffusion method using Mueller-Hinton agar. The results showed that antifungal activity of Cu-PFHs is higher than phenyl fatty hydroxamic acids do and also the activity of phenyl fatty hydroxamic acids and Cu-PFHs increase while their concentrations increase. The antifungal activity of phenyl fatty hydroxamic acids and Cu-PFHs are significantly higher than nystatin while use against the A. fumigatus, C. parapsilosis and C. albicans and also are significantly higher than ketoconazole while use against the A. fumigatus

Copper extraction by fatty hydroxamic acids derivatives synthesized based on palm kernel oil

Fatty hydroxamic acids derivatives based on palm kernel oil which are phenyl fatty hydroxamic acids (PFHAs), methyl fatty hydroxamic acids (MFHAs), isopropyl fatty hydroxamic acids (IPFHAs) and benzyl fatty hydroxamic acids (BFHAs) were applied as chelating agent for copper liquid-liquid extraction. The extraction of copper from aqueous solution by MFHAs, PFHAs, BFHAs or IPFHAs were carried out in hexane as an organic phase through the formation of copper methyl fatty hydroxamate (Cu-MFHs), copper phenyl fatty hydroxamate (Cu-PFHs), copper benzyl fatty hydroxamate (Cu-BFHs) and copper isopropyl fatty hydroxamate (Cu-IPFHs). The results showed that the fatty hydroxamic acid derivatives could extract copper at pH 6.2 effectively with high percentage of extraction (the percentages of copper extraction by MFHAs, PFHAs, IPFHs and BFHAs were found to be 99.3, 87.5, 82.3 and 90.2%, respectively). The extracted copper could be quantitatively stripped back into sulphuric acid (3M) aqueous solution. The obtained results showed that the copper recovery percentages from Cu-MFHs, Cu-PFHs, Cu-BFHs and Cu-IPFHs are 99.1, 99.4, 99.6 and 99.9 respectively. The copper extraction was not affected by the presence of a large amount of Mg (II), Ni (II), Al (III), Mn (II) and Co (II) ions in the aqueous solution

Remediation of crude oil contaminated kaolin by adsorption using solid-liquid two-phase partitioning

Soil contamination by crude oil is a major environmental and health hazard. The main goal of this research was to investigate the applicability of using a solid-liquid two-phase partitioning bioreactor (TPPB) to remediate crude oil contaminated kaolin. To achieve this objective, sorption studies were carried out on kaolin contaminated by crude oil using commercial thermoplastic polyurethane (Desmopan®) and 2-propanol as a mobilizing agent followed by bio-regeneration of crude oil loaded polymer beads in the TPPB. The equilibrium sorption capacity (qe) as well as the kinetic behaviour of the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was determined as a function of the crude oil dilution with 2-propanol. The polymeric sorbent exhibited the highest qe value when immersed in a 50% diluted crude oil. The sorption experimental data correlated well with different kinetic models. The Elovich kinetic model correlated accurately with the diluted crude oil experimental data; while the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models could also predict the sorption of n-alkanes (C14-C36) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into the polymeric sorbent, respectively. Parameters of the power law model showed that the mechanism of transport for both diluted and undiluted-crude oil into the TPU was Fickian. The sorption kinetics of the PAHs and the short-chain n-alkanes (C14-C18) were also shown to be a direct function of their octanol/water partitioning coefficient. In contrast, the sorption rates of the long chain n-alkanes (C20-C36) were inversely associated with their molecular volumes. Finally, intraparticle diffusion analysis indicated that the 2-propanol present in crude oil had reduced both the external and the internal mass transfer resistances within the internal structure of the TPU. A central composite design (CCD) under response surface methodology (RSM) was employed for experimental design in kaolin remediation study and analysis of the results. The influences of independent variables on the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) reduction efficiency were determined using a statistically significant quadratic model. Remediation was more efficient when the ratio of the mobilizing agent to the kaolin was equal to 3.00 mL g-1. The results exhibited that the interaction between the extraction phase ratio and the initial concentration of crude oil in kaolin had significantly influenced the TPH removal. Bio-regeneration of crude oil loaded TPU was optimized in a solid-liquid TPPB by applying a RSM based D-optimal design. The bacterial strains in the consortium were identified as Brevibacillus brevis, Gordonia sp., Ochrobactrum anthropic, Cellulosimicrobium terreum, and Bacillus sp through analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Optimum combinations of key factors with a statistically significant cubic model were used to maximize iodegradation in the TPPB. The validity of the model was successfully verified by the agreement between the model-predicted results and the experimental results. The bio-regeneration studies in a 5L reactor showed a significant reduction (72.07±0.63%) of low molecular weight (2-3 ring) PAHs and nalkanes (97.75±0.26%) present in the crude oil loaded solid polymers. Regeneration and reusability of the crude oil loaded TPU were also confirmed by subjecting the sorbent to successive sorption-regeneration cycles in the TPPB. These findings show that solid polymer extraction followed by bio-regeneration of sorbents in a TPPB is applicable to treat crude oil contaminated kaolin

Association of maternal exposure to endocrine disruptor chemicals with cardio-metabolic risk factors in children during childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies

Abstract Background In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, the association of maternal exposure to the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with cardio-metabolic risk factors in children during childhood for the first time. Method The PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched, up to Feb 2023. In total 30 cohort studies had our inclusion criteria. A random-effects model was used for the variables that had considerable heterogeneity between studies. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) tool was used to classify the quality score of studies. All statistical analyses were conducted using Stata 14 and P-value < 0.05 considered as a significant level. Results In the meta-analysis, maternal exposure to the EDCs was weakly associated with higher SBP (Fisher_Z: 0.06, CI: 0.04, 0.08), BMI (Fisher_Z: 0.07, CI: 0.06, 0.08), and WC (Fisher_Z: 0.06, CI: 0.03, 0.08) z-scores in children. A significant linear association was found between maternal exposure to the bisphenol-A and pesticides with BMI and WC z-score in children (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed significant linear association of BPA and pesticides, in the urine samples of mothers at the first trimester of pregnancy, with BMI and WC z-score in children from 2–8 years (p < 0.05). Conclusion Prenatal exposure to the EDCs in the uterine period could increase the risk of obesity in children. Maternal exposure to bisphenol-A and pesticides showed the strongest association with the obesity, especially visceral form, in the next generation