Thermodynamic study of triacetin or ethyl levulinate and alcohol binary mixtures

The subject of presented research is the study of liquid binary mixtures consisting of ester and alcohol combination; triacetin or ethyl levulinate, as one component, and ethanol or isobutanol, as second component. Thermodynamic and transport data were measured in the broad temperature range, T=(288.15/298.15–323.15/333.15) K, and at atmospheric pressure, p = 0.1 MPa. All corresponding excess and deviation properties were calculated including the excess molar volume, viscosity deviation, refractive index deviation, isentropic compressibility deviation and excess molar Gibbs energy of activation of viscous flow, and correlated with the basic Redlich-Kister equation. The analysis of possible chemical interactions and structural effects taking place in the mixtures was led in the terms of ester structure, complexity of ester molecule and chain length and branching of the alcohol molecule. The thermodynamic analyses showed change of the sign of the excess molar volume depending on the alcohol present in the mixture. FT-IR spectra were recorded for all four systems for the compositions where maximum excess molar volumes are obtained to support the conclusions derived from the mixtures’ nonideal behaviour. In addition, modelling of viscosity is performed with the two- and three-parameter correlative models, as well as excess molar volume correlation with the Peng-Robinson equation of state and three-parameter van der Waals mixing rule

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND THEIR POTENTIAL ROLE IN MITIGATION OF CLIMATE CHANGES AND AS A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DRIVER IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Bosnia and Herzegovina have significant physical potential regarding to renewable energy sources. Hydro, biomass, geothermal, wind, and solar potential can play important role in the whole state economy. Bosnia and Herzegovina is Non-Annex I country according to UNFCCC and according to that it is obligated to participate in the global efforts in order to reduce green house gases emission. This paper gives some analysis of the physical, technological, economic, and market potential of renewable energy sources in Bosnia and Herzegovina and their potential role in mitigation of climate changes. Paper also gives the analysis of the potential connections between renewable energy sources and sustainable development of the economy, taking in to consideration specific political structure of the state. Bosnia and Herzegovina is consisting from two entities: Republic of Srpska and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Brcko District; energy sector and climate changes mitigation measures are under their jurisdiction. According to that some of this paper results can be useful for the improvement of entity and state strategies with the final aim to place renewable energy sources on the right position, as some of the major economy drivers, not only in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but in whole region