Mathematical-geographical analysis of the orientation of St John’s church of the Studenica monastery

Considering the fact that ecclesiastical rules do not precisely say that a church must be directed “to the East” or “to sunrise”, it should always be checked if there is a connection between the orientation of a church and geometry of the Sun. In this paper, such examination is performed on the example of the church of St. John (the 13th century), one of four churches of the Studenica monastery, in the following way: 1) using gnomon method, the azimuth of the main longitudinal axis of the church is measured; 2) the altitude above the horizon of the point in which the extended axis of the church touches the true horizon is determined by cartometry; 3) the most probable dates when the Sun rises at that point are determined: May 7th according to Gregorian calendar, or April 30th according to Julian calendar, in the 13th century. The applied method is described in details and it can be applied for the analysis of the orientation of any other medieval church. This method can determine the time when the church was founded, as well as the fact if the church is original, or possibly erected on the foundations of some older sacral object

Mathematical-geographical analysis of the orientation of St John's church of the Studenica monastery

Considering the fact that ecclesiastical rules do not precisely say that a church must be directed 'to the East' or 'to sunrise', it should always be checked if there is a connection between the orientation of a church and geometry of the Sun. In this paper, such examination is performed on the example of the church of St. John (the 13th century), one of four churches of the Studenica monastery, in the following way: 1) using gnomon method, the azimuth of the main longitudinal axis of the church is measured; 2) the altitude above the horizon of the point in which the extended axis of the church touches the true horizon is determined by cartometry; 3) the most probable dates when the Sun rises at that point are determined: May 7th according to Gregorian calendar, or April 30th according to Julian calendar, in the 13th century. The applied method is described in details and it can be applied for the analysis of the orientation of any other medieval church. This method can determine the time when the church was founded, as well as the fact if the church is original, or possibly erected on the foundations of some older sacral object

Parent`s genetic variability- a condition for successful wheat improvement

Pri utvrđivanju ciljeva i programa oplemenjivanja oplemenjivač se vrlo često susreće sa problemom izbora odgovarajućih roditelja, koji će svoja pozitivna svojstva u što većoj mjeri prenijeti na potomstvo. Posebno je važno koristiti genetski što divergentnije roditelje koji će međusobnim križanjem osigurati dovoljan kvantum genetske varijabilnosti i omogućiti izbor željenih genotipova. U ovom radu korištenjem DUS parametara utvrditi ćemo genetsku divergentnost roditelja u nekim kombinacijama križanja, divergentnost potomstava na osnovi komponenata uroda i kvalitete zrna i brašna, te istaknuti najperspektivnije linije dobivene iz ovih križanja.When selecting the goals and programs of improvement, the improver frequently faces the problem of selecting the adequate parents, which would transfer their positive traits, as much as possible, to their descendants. It is of particular importance to use the genetically most divergent parents who would assure, by their mutual cross-breeding, a sufficient quantum of genetic variability and enable a selection of desired genotypes. In this study we shall determine, by using DUS parameters the genetic divergencies of parents in certain cross-breeding combinations, divergency of their descendants on the basis of the crop components and the quality of grain and flower, and emphasize the most prospective lines obtained from these cross-breed

WHEAT BREEDING AND SEED PRODUCTION IN AGRIGENETICS, OSIJEK

Rad na oplemenjivanju pšenice u Agrigeneticsu zapravo je natavak dugogodišnjeg oplemenjivačkog rada prof. dr. sc. M. Bedea u Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek, a temelji se u prvom redu na stvaranju sorti visokog genetskog potencijala za urod zrna (Gabi, Fiesta, Nika, Bela), stvaranju sorti visoke kakavoće zrna, brašna i kruha (Mura, Lenta) te stvaranju „ekonomičnih sorti“ (Fiesta, Mura, Luna) Prve priznate sorte iz Agrigeneticsa bile su Kruna, Lara, Lenta, Perla i Astra, a priznate su 1997. godine. Do danas Agrigenetics ima ukupno 19 priznatih sorti u Hrvatskoj, deset sorata u Sloveniji, četiri u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine, dvije sorte u Makedoniji i jednu u Turskoj. 1997. godine proizvedeno je i prodano sveukupno 540 t, a 2003. godine 12 238 t, što čini negdje oko 23-25% sveukupnog hrvatskog sjemenarstva pšenice. Do 2001 ./2002. godine najznačajnije sorte u proizvodnji bile su Kruna, Lenta, Lara i Perla, dok su danas najzastupljenije Gabi, Fiesta, Kruna, Mura i Lenta; znači odlučili smo se za jednu smjenu sortimenta koja se pokazala opravdanom i još više povećala proizvodnju sjemena AG-sorti. U 2004./2005. godini započeli smo proizvodnju sjemena naših najnovijih sorti, Nike, Bele, Ines i Atene, za koje mislimo da će, posebice Nika i Bela, zbog visokog genetskog potencijala za urod zrna i vrlo dobre kakvoće zrna i brašna, biti značajne za proizvodnju pšenice u Hrvatskoj.Work on breeding wheat in Agrigenetics is actually continuation of long time work of prof. dr. sc. M. Bede in Agricultural Institute Osijek, and it is based on creating of high potential cultivars for yield (Gabi, Fiesta, Nika, Bela) and grain, flour and bread quality (Mura, Lenta) and creating the „economical cultivars“ (Fiesta, Mura, Luna). First Agrigenetic\u27s recognized cultivars were Kruna, Lara, Lenta, Perla and Astra in year 1997. Until today Agrigenetic has 19 recognized cultivars in Croatia, 9 in Slovenia, 4 in Bosnia and Hercegovina , 2 in Hungary and 1 in Turkey. In year 1977 it was produced and sold 540 t of seed, and in 2003 12,238 t seed, which is about 23-25% of total Croatian seed production. Until year 2001/02 the most important cultivars in production were Kruna, Lenta, Lara and Perla and today that are Gabi, Fiesta, Kruna, Mura and Lenta, which means that we have decided to change cultivars in production and that change was good and increased seed production in Agrigenetics. In year 2004/05 we have started production of ours latest cultivars Nika, Bela, Ines and Athens, because we think that they will, specially Nika and Bela because of their high potential for yield and grain and flour quality, be important in wheat production in Croatia

Matematičko-geografski smisao orijentacije srednjovekovnih crkava srpskog manastira Gradac

The subject of the paper is an exact analysis of the orientation of the Serbian monastery churches: the Church of the Virgin Mary (13th century), St. Nicholas' Church (13th century), and an early Christian church (6th century). The paper determines the azimuth of parallel axes in churches, and then the aberrations of those axes from the equinoctial east are interpreted. Under assumption that the axes were directed towards the rising sun, it was surmised that the early Christian church's patron saint could be St. John the Baptist, that the Church of the Virgin Mary was founded on Annunciation day to which it is dedicated, and that St. Nicholas' Church is oriented in accordance with the rule ('toward the sunrise') even though its axis deviates from the equinoctial east by 41° degrees.Tema rada jeste egzaktna analiza orijentacije crkava srpskog manastira Gradac: Bogorodičine crkve (13. vek), crkve sv. Nikole (13. vek) i ranohrišćanske crkve (6. vek). U radu su određeni azimuti uzdužnih osa crkava, a zatim su protumačeni otkloni tih osa od ravnodnevačkog istoka. Pod pretpostavkom da su ose usmeravane prema izlazećem suncu, zaključeno je da bi patron ranohrišćanske crkve mogao biti sv. Jovan Krstitelj, da je Bogorodičina crkva zasnovana na praznik Blagovesti kojem je i posvećena, a da je crkva sv. Nikole orijentisana u skladu sa pravilom ('prema izlasku sunca') iako je njena osa otklonjena 41° od ravnodnevačkog istoka

Matematičko-geografski smisao orijentacije srednjovekovnih crkava srpskog manastira Gradac

The subject of the paper is an exact analysis of the orientation of the Serbian monastery churches: the Church of the Virgin Mary (13th century), St. Nicholas' Church (13th century), and an early Christian church (6th century). The paper determines the azimuth of parallel axes in churches, and then the aberrations of those axes from the equinoctial east are interpreted. Under assumption that the axes were directed towards the rising sun, it was surmised that the early Christian church's patron saint could be St. John the Baptist, that the Church of the Virgin Mary was founded on Annunciation day to which it is dedicated, and that St. Nicholas' Church is oriented in accordance with the rule ('toward the sunrise') even though its axis deviates from the equinoctial east by 41° degrees.Tema rada jeste egzaktna analiza orijentacije crkava srpskog manastira Gradac: Bogorodičine crkve (13. vek), crkve sv. Nikole (13. vek) i ranohrišćanske crkve (6. vek). U radu su određeni azimuti uzdužnih osa crkava, a zatim su protumačeni otkloni tih osa od ravnodnevačkog istoka. Pod pretpostavkom da su ose usmeravane prema izlazećem suncu, zaključeno je da bi patron ranohrišćanske crkve mogao biti sv. Jovan Krstitelj, da je Bogorodičina crkva zasnovana na praznik Blagovesti kojem je i posvećena, a da je crkva sv. Nikole orijentisana u skladu sa pravilom ('prema izlasku sunca') iako je njena osa otklonjena 41° od ravnodnevačkog istoka

Shuttle radar topography mission - dostupnost podataka i ostvarena tačnost

This paper aim is to determine accuracy of digital terrain model (DTM) formed upon Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data, for the region of the Republic of Serbia. Main characteristics of SRTM will be introduced, along with short description of determining DTM based on SRTM data and accuracy of such derived digital terrain model.Cilj ovog rada je da se odredi tačnost digitalnog modela terena (DMT) formiranog na osnovu podataka šatlove radarske topografske misije (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission - SRTM), za područje Republike. Srbije. U radu će biti predstavljene glavne karakteristike SRTM-a kao i kratak opis samog postupka određivanja DMT-a na osnovu SRTM podataka i određivanje tačnosti tako dobijenog digitalnog modela terena

Orijentacija crkava manastira ovčarsko-kablarske klisure (Republika Srbija)

Ovčar-Kablar gorge is after Fruška Gora Mountain the area with the largest number of old Serbian monasteries. This paper analyzes church orientation of all nine monasteries of the gorge from mathematical-geographical point of view, focusing on the churches of six monasteries that originate from the so called extended Middle Ages. Of these six churches only the axis of the Church of the Holy Trinity is directed exactly to the equinoctial east. Considering the means and methods that the chief architect could use, the orientation of monastery church of Vavedenje ('Presentation of Mary') with the aberration of only 4° can be also regarded as accurate. Moreover, this aberration could be the consequence of a mistake made by the chief architect about the date of equinox, which is also the case with the aberration of the monastery church of Sretenje ('Presentation of Our Lord'). The axis of the monastery church of Blagoveštenje ('Annunciation') is approximately directed to the point of the sunrise of summer solstice. Only the axis of the monastery church of Nikolje ('St Nicholas'), the oldest in the group of six of conditionally medieval churches, is out of the eastern sector of the horizon i.e. only this axis is not oriented in accordance with the ideal-type church rule.Posle Fruške Gore, Ovčarsko-kablarska klisura jeste prostor najveće koncentracije starih srpskih manastira. U radu je sa matematičko-geografskog stanovišta analizirana orijentacija crkava svih devet tamošnjih manastira, sa težištem na crkve šest manastira koje potiču iz tzv. produženog srednjeg veka. Od njih šest, tačno ka ravnodnevačkom istoku usmerena je samo osa crkve Sv. Trojice. Uzimajući u obzir sredstva i metode koje je mogao koristiti protomajstor, tačnom se može smatrati i orijentacija crkve manastira Vavedenje čiji je otklon samo 4°. Taj otklon mogao je biti i posledica proto-majstorove zablude o datumu ravnodnevice, isto kao i otklon ose crkve manastira Sretenja. Osa crkve manstira Blagoveštenja usmerena je približno ka tački izlaska sunca letnjeg soslsticijuma. Od šest uslovno srednjovekovnih crkava, samo se osa crkve manastira Nikolje, najstarije u toj grupi, nalazi van istočnog sektora horizonta, tj. jedina ona nije orijentisana u skladu idealtipskim crkvenim pravilom

Orijentacija crkava manastira ovčarsko-kablarske klisure (Republika Srbija)

Ovčar-Kablar gorge is after Fruška Gora Mountain the area with the largest number of old Serbian monasteries. This paper analyzes church orientation of all nine monasteries of the gorge from mathematical-geographical point of view, focusing on the churches of six monasteries that originate from the so called extended Middle Ages. Of these six churches only the axis of the Church of the Holy Trinity is directed exactly to the equinoctial east. Considering the means and methods that the chief architect could use, the orientation of monastery church of Vavedenje ('Presentation of Mary') with the aberration of only 4° can be also regarded as accurate. Moreover, this aberration could be the consequence of a mistake made by the chief architect about the date of equinox, which is also the case with the aberration of the monastery church of Sretenje ('Presentation of Our Lord'). The axis of the monastery church of Blagoveštenje ('Annunciation') is approximately directed to the point of the sunrise of summer solstice. Only the axis of the monastery church of Nikolje ('St Nicholas'), the oldest in the group of six of conditionally medieval churches, is out of the eastern sector of the horizon i.e. only this axis is not oriented in accordance with the ideal-type church rule.Posle Fruške Gore, Ovčarsko-kablarska klisura jeste prostor najveće koncentracije starih srpskih manastira. U radu je sa matematičko-geografskog stanovišta analizirana orijentacija crkava svih devet tamošnjih manastira, sa težištem na crkve šest manastira koje potiču iz tzv. produženog srednjeg veka. Od njih šest, tačno ka ravnodnevačkom istoku usmerena je samo osa crkve Sv. Trojice. Uzimajući u obzir sredstva i metode koje je mogao koristiti protomajstor, tačnom se može smatrati i orijentacija crkve manastira Vavedenje čiji je otklon samo 4°. Taj otklon mogao je biti i posledica proto-majstorove zablude o datumu ravnodnevice, isto kao i otklon ose crkve manastira Sretenja. Osa crkve manstira Blagoveštenja usmerena je približno ka tački izlaska sunca letnjeg soslsticijuma. Od šest uslovno srednjovekovnih crkava, samo se osa crkve manastira Nikolje, najstarije u toj grupi, nalazi van istočnog sektora horizonta, tj. jedina ona nije orijentisana u skladu idealtipskim crkvenim pravilom