2,265 research outputs found
Noise diodes as a source of entropy for hardware random number generators
The purpose of this article is to describe the use of digital noise generators based on semiconductor noise diodes as part of systems for generating key numerical sequences used in cryptographic security methods. The classification of modern methods of cryptographic protection and the algorithms underlying them are considered. It is shown that ensuring high information entropy in systems for generating encryption keys is possible by using generators of truly random number sequences and cryptographically secure generators of pseudo-random number sequences. A number of disadvantages inherent in widely used sources of physical noise are described, namely: low spectral density of broadband noise, limited frequency range, nonlinearity of the noise spectrum, difficulties in technical implementation when using some methods, especially under conditions of extreme temperatures and exposure to special factors. It has been confirmed that the noise properties of semiconductor noise diodes depend on the composition and constancy of the defect-impurity structure, and defect engineering makes it possible to control their electrical parameters. The study of inhomogeneities and defects in noise diodes and the development on this basis of methods for controlling the level of structural defects made it possible to create technologies for their generation and annealing, and to improve a number of electrical and statistical properties of noise diodes
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ· Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π· ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ² ΠΠΠ ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ
Π‘Π²ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ° ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΡ, ΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠ² Ρ ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ² Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΉΠΎΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΡ, Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌ ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΡ, Π½Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ»ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²Ρ Ρ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π·Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ·Π°Ρ
Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Ρ. Π£ Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π· ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π² Π½Π°Π²ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΡΡ Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΠΉ
Protected areas network in the Murmansk Region: yesterday, today, and tomorrow
The article represents a retrospective of nature conservation in the Murmansk Region. It is devoted to the period since the first State Nature Reserves to the present day. Today, the network of Protected Areas (PA) in the Murmansk Region consists of three nature state Reserves, one National Park, two nat-ural parks, 12 protected areas βZakaznikβ, 55 nature monuments and the protected area of the Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute. The total area of the PA is 1,947,799.4 hectares or 13.4% of the Mur-mansk Region. An effectiveness of the PA was assessed due to the correspondence of the protection regimes and the threats. The authors concluded that effective environmental protection could be realized only in small part of PA, mainly in nature state reserves and national park, whose total area is only 4.2% of the Murmansk Region. At the present level of efficiency, even if it will be possible to achieve a share of Pas equal to 16.4% of the regionβs area, it is hardly possible to guarantee the proper level of biodiversity conservation and the stability of the ecosystem of the region
ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ Π² Π°Π³ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡ
ΠΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΄ Π·Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π΄Π²Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ² Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π·ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠ² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²Π° Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π²Π°ΠΆΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΌ. ΠΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±Π°ΠΉΠ½ΠΈ Π· Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ Ρ Π²ΡΠ·Π»ΡΠ², Π· Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ΅Ρ
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