2 research outputs found

    Cibler le systĂšme digestif pour protĂ©ger le foie : Ă©valuation de l’efficacitĂ© prophylactique et thĂ©rapeutique de traitements de l’encĂ©phalopathie hĂ©patique dans un modĂšle murin de cholestase hĂ©patique par ligature de la voie biliaire

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    Introduction. L’encĂ©phalopathie hĂ©patique (HE) est une complication commune mais sĂ©vĂšre des insuffisances hĂ©patiques. La physiopathologie de l’HE provient essentiellement de l’ammoniac dĂ©rivĂ© du mĂ©tabolisme des bactĂ©ries intestinales. Le traitement standard pour les patients qui subissent des Ă©pisodes manifestes d’HE est le lactulose mais son observance est faible du fait d’effets secondaires inconfortables. La rifaximine est un candidat potentiel mais il n’y a pas de donnĂ©es issues d’essais cliniques suffisamment robustes pour supporter sa seule utilisation. Les traitements anti-fibrotiques sont une autre piste de traitement dans le sens oĂč s’il est possible de prĂ©venir l’avancement de la dĂ©faillance hĂ©patique il est alors possible de diminuer la probabilitĂ© et la sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© des Ă©pisodes. Deux Ă©tudes indĂ©pendantes ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es dans un modĂšle de ligature de la voie biliaire, la premiĂšre Ă©tude pour Ă©valuer l’efficacitĂ© de traitements thĂ©rapeutiques de l’HE (lactulose et rifaximine) utilisĂ©s seuls ou en combinaison pour rĂ©duire le taux d’ammoniac et amĂ©liorer le statut de l’HE; et la seconde Ă©tude, pour Ă©valuer des traitements utilisĂ©s individuellement pour prĂ©venir l’établissement de la fibrose (acide obĂ©ticholique, rapamycine, pirfĂ©nidone, acide ursodĂ©soxycholique). MatĂ©riel et mĂ©thodes. Les deux projets utilisent un modĂšle murin de ligature de la voie biliaire. Pour l’évaluation de la rifaximine, trois semaines aprĂšs la chirurgie, les animaux sont sĂ©parĂ©s en cinq groupes en fonction du traitement reçu quotidiennement et du modĂšle : SHAM-VEH, pour les animaux ayant subi un simulacre de chirurgie de ligature de la voie biliaire (SHAM) et traitĂ© par le vĂ©hicule (VEH); BDL-VEH, pour les animaux ayant subi la chirurgie de ligature de la voie biliaire et traitĂ© par le vĂ©hicule; BDL-RIF, pour les animaux traitĂ©s par la rifaximine (RIF); BDL-LAC, pour les animaux traitĂ©s par le lactulose (LAC); BDL-LAC+RIF, pour les animaux traitĂ©s par le lactulose et la rifaximin (LAC+RIF). Pour l’évaluation des composĂ©s anti-fibrotiques, une semaine aprĂšs la chirurgie, les animaux sont sĂ©parĂ©s en six groupes en fonction du traitement reçu quotidiennement et du modĂšle : SHAM-VEH; BDL-VEH; BDL-OCA pour les animaux traitĂ©s par l’obĂ©ticholique acide (OCA); BDL-RPM, pour les animaux traitĂ©s par la rapamycine (RPM); BDL-UDCA, pour les animaux traitĂ©s par l’acide ursodĂ©soxycholique (UDCA); BDL-PFN pour les animaux traitĂ©s par la pirfenidone (PFN). Les animaux sont alors Ă©valuĂ©s au cours du modĂšle pour leur survie, leur consommation de nourriture et leur poids. Les paramĂštres biochimiques de la fonction hĂ©patiques sont Ă©valuĂ©s en fin de modĂšle. Plus particuliĂšrement, le projet sur les composĂ©s anti-fibrotiques comprend une analyse plus approfondie de la fibrose par histologie avec Ă©tablissement du score MÉTAVIR et par mesure du contenu hĂ©patique en hydroxyproline. Le projet rifaximine comprend des analyses comportementales pour Ă©valuer l’HE mais Ă©galement une mesure de l’ƓdĂšme cĂ©rĂ©bral. RĂ©sultats. Pour le projet rifaximine, aucun des deux composĂ©s testĂ©s (i.e. rifaximin et lactulose) seuls ou combinaison n’ont pas eu d’effets bĂ©nĂ©fiques globaux en termes de survie, de croissance, de consommation de nourriture, de tests comportementaux, d’ƓdĂšme cĂ©rĂ©bral, de paramĂštres biochimiques incluant l’ammoniac. Aucun des traitements pris sĂ©parĂ©ment ou en combinaison n’a montrĂ© d’efficacitĂ© pour le traitement de l’HE. Pour le projet des composĂ©s anti-fibrotiques, certains composĂ©s ont entrainĂ© une mortalitĂ© plus Ă©levĂ©e. Aucune diffĂ©rence entre les traitements ne fut observĂ©e en termes de croissance, de consommation de nourriture, de paramĂštres biochimiques, d’histologie et de contenu en hydroxyproline. Conclusions. Globalement, l’étude sur la rifaximine ne prĂ©sente pas de rĂ©sultats suffisamment concluants pour recommander l’utilisation de la rifaximine en remplacement ou en concomitance avec le lactulose. L’étude sur les composĂ©s anti-fibrotiques ne permet pas de mettre en Ă©vidence un composĂ© capable de limiter la progression de la fibrose.Introduction. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a major but common complication of liver failures diseases. The physiopathology of HE mainly involves intestinal bacteria metabolism derived ammonia. The golden standard for patients who experience overt episodes of HE is lactulose but its observance is poor due to uncomfortable side effects. On the other hand, Rifaximin is a potent candidate but there is a lack of relevant data from clinical trials to support its sole use. Antifibrotic drugs are another category of treatment that can be useful in the setting of HE since it can prevent the onset of cirrhosis and thus of the liver failure, this can decrease the appearance and severity of the episodes. The aim of this study is to evaluate in a murine model of bile duct ligation the efficiency of therapeutic treatments (lactulose and rifaximin) alone or in combination to decrease blood ammonia and ameliorate HE status; and of prophylactic treatments (obeticholic acid, rapamycin, pirfenidone, ursodeoxycholic acid) individually to prevent the onset of fibrosis. Materials and methods. The two projects used a murine model of bile duct ligation. For the evaluation of the efficiency of rifaximin, three weeks after surgery, the animals were sorted into five groups according to the treatment they received daily and according to the model : SHAM-VEH, for animals that underwent a mock surgery (SHAM) and were treated with vehicle (VEH); BDL-VEH, for animals that underwent a bile duct ligation surgery (BDL) and were treated with vehicle; BDL-RIF, for animals that were treated with rifaximin (RIF); BDLLAC, for animals that were treated with lactulose (LAC); BDL-LAC+RIF for animals that were treated with lactulose and rifaximin (LAC+RIF);. For the evaluation of the effect of antifibrotic drugs, one week after surgery, the animals were sorted into six groups according to the treatment they received daily and according to the model : SHAM-VEH, BDL-VEH, BDL-OCA for animals that were treated with obeticholic acid (OCA); BDL-RPM, for animals that were treated with rapamycine (RPM); BDL-UDCA, for animals that were treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA); BDL-PFN, for animals that were treated with pirfenidone (PFN). All animals were evaluated during the model for survival, food consumption and growth. The biological parameters of the liver function were evaluated at the end of the model. More specifically, this project includes a deeper analysis on fibrosis through histological analysis with establishment of the METAVIR score and measure of the content on hydroxyproline. The rifaximin project includes behavioural analysis to evaluate the HE status and measurement of cerebral edema. Results. Concerning the rifaximin project, no difference can be established between the treatments in term of survival, growth, food consumption, behavioural tests, cerebral edema, biochemistry parameters including ammonia. No treatment, taken alone or in combination, showed efficacy to treat HE. Concerning the antifibrotic drug study, some compounds have shown an increase in mortality, although no difference can be observed on growth, food consumption, biochemistry parameters, histology or hydroxyproline content. Conclusions. Overall, the study on rifaximin does not present strong and conclusive results on the sole use of rifaximin. According to the study on the antifibrotic drugs, no compounds show evidence of prevention of the onset of the fibrosis

    Genetically engineered E. coli Nissle attenuates hyperammonemia and prevents memory impairment in bile‐duct ligated rats

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    Hyperammonemia associated with chronic liver disease (CLD) is implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The gut is a major source of ammonia production that contributes to hyperammonemia in CLD and HE and remains the primary therapeutic target for lowering hyperammonemia. As an ammonia‐lowering strategy, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 bacterium was genetically modified to consume and convert ammonia to arginine (S‐ARG). S‐ARG was further modified to additionally synthesize butyrate (S‐ARG+BUT). Both strains were evaluated in bile‐duct ligated (BDL) rats; experimental model of CLD and HE. Methods One‐week post‐surgery, BDLs received non‐modified EcN (EcN), S‐ARG, S‐ARG+BUT (3x1011 CFU/day) or vehicle until sacrifice at 3‐ or 5‐weeks. Plasma (ammonia/pro‐inflammatory/liver‐function), liver fibrosis (hydroxyproline), liver mRNA (pro‐inflammatory/fibrogenic/anti‐apoptotic) and colon mRNA (pro‐inflammatory) biomarkers were measured post‐sacrifice. Memory, motor‐coordination, muscle‐strength, and locomotion were assessed at 5‐weeks. Results In BDL‐Veh rats, hyperammonemia developed at 3‐ and further increased at 5‐weeks. This rise was prevented by S‐ARG and S‐ARG+BUT, whereas EcN was ineffective. Memory impairment was prevented only in S‐ARG+BUT vs BDL‐Veh. Systemic inflammation (IL‐10/MCP‐1/endotoxin) increased at 3‐ and 5‐weeks in BDL‐Veh. S‐ARG+BUT attenuated inflammation at both timepoints (except 5‐week endotoxin) vs BDL‐Veh, whereas S‐ARG only attenuated IP‐10 and MCP‐1 at 3‐weeks. Circulating (ALT/AST/ALP/GGT/albumin/bilirubin) and gene expression liver‐function markers (IL‐10/IL‐6/IL‐1ÎČ/TGF‐ÎČ/α‐SMA/collagen‐1α1/Bcl‐2) were not normalized by either strain. Colonic mRNA (TNF‐α/IL‐1ÎČ/occludin) markers were attenuated by synthetic strains at both timepoints vs BDL‐Veh. Conclusion S‐ARG and S‐ARG+BUT attenuated hyperammonemia, with S‐ARG+BUT additional memory protection likely due to greater anti‐inflammatory effect. These innovative strategies, particularly S‐ARG+BUT, have potential to prevent HE
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