Methods for quantitative assessment of femoral antroposcopic landmarks using hand-held laser scanner

Purpose : This study is focused on an innovative approach to the numerical assessment of gluteal tuberosity through 3D visualization and its use as sex discriminant.Materials and methods : The study was based on an aggregate of 40 right femora, male and female in equal proportion. The surface of tuberositas glutea femoris is captured in a 3D image, using a Hand-held Laser Scanner (FastSCAN). Afterwards, the assessment contains three ways. Firstly, the result is a 3D shape comprising two tetrahedrons with common base. Therefore, the volume of the roughness is approximately equal to the total of the volumes of these two tetrahedrons (volume). Secondly, several points /markers/ are placed on the surface of the roughness of the 3D image. After that we create two-dimensional shape which is a function of the three-dimensional one. The area of the formed shape is measured (area) as well as its greatest elevation (elevation). Thirdly, we assess the position angle of gluteal tuberosity (angle C). The results were processed with SPSS 17.0 using Discriminant Function Analysis.Results : If the predictors (volume, area, elevation and angle) are included in the model, than the percentage of cases classified correctly is 95%.Conclusion : This score coincides with world results based on various anthropometric indices of the femur

Sex -related differences in the lips and mouth area of Buglarians - an investigation by 3D laser scanning

Purpose : The objective of this study was to supply information about normal sex-related dimensions of the mouth area and lips among contemporary Bulgarian population (linear distances, ratios, angles, area, volume) and compare the results with other populations.Materials and methods : The three-dimensional coordinates of several soft-tissue landmarks on the lips and mouth were obtained by a non-invasive method with FastSCAN in 16 male and 23 female healthy subjects aged 21-35 years. From the landmarks, linear distances (mouth width, width of the philtrum, vermilion heights of the upper, lower and total lips, total lip height), the vermilion height-to-mouth width ratio, areas (vermilion of the upper, lower and total lip) and volumes (upper, lower, and total lip volume) were calculated and averaged for sex.Results : Comparisons were performed by SPSS 17.0. Data collected in the present investigation could serve as a database for the quantitative description of human lip morphology during normal growth, development and aging. Conclusion. Forensic applications (evaluations of trauma, craniofacial alterations, teratogenic- induced conditions, facial reconstruction, aging of living and dead persons, personal identification) may also benefit from age- and sex-based data banks