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    Diarrea aguda: epidemiolog铆a, concepto, clasificaci贸n, cl铆nica, diagn贸stico, vacuna contra rotavirus

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    La enfermedad diarreica es la segunda causa de muerte en menores de cinco a帽os. Desde la incorporaci贸n de la vacuna contra Rotavirus, se ha observado una reducci贸n de la mortalidad por diarreas. En Venezuela, es la primera causa de consulta y hospitalizaci贸n, la mortalidad disminuy贸 en los 煤ltimos 20 a帽os, a m谩s del 50%. La OMS/OPS definen la diarrea aguda como tres o m谩s evacuaciones liquidas o semil铆quidas en 24 horas o de al menos una con presencia de elementos anormales (moco, sangre, pus), durante un m谩ximo de dos semanas. Se clasifica seg煤n: duraci贸n en aguda, persistente y cr贸nica; etiolog铆a en infecciosa y no infecciosa; s铆ndromes cl铆nicos en diarreico coleriforme y diarreico disenteriforme; fisiopatol贸gicamente en osm贸tica, secretora, y por alteraci贸n de la motilidad. La evaluaci贸n del paciente con diarrea debe incluir: duraci贸n, presencia de sangre, de v贸mito, n煤mero de deposiciones y v贸mitos en las primeras 24 horas, capacidad de beber, presencia e intensidad de la sed, presencia de diuresis en las 煤ltimas seis horas, medicamentos que se le han dado en el actual episodio. La diarrea con deshidrataci贸n leve a moderada no requieren estudios de laboratorio, el examen coprol贸gico, leucocitos fecales, coproant铆genos son de ayuda diagn贸stica, el coprocultivo no debe ser realizado de rutina. Existe en el pa铆s dos vacunas contra Rotavirus. Se recomienda su uso a partir de los 2 meses de vida, La edad m铆nima para la primera dosis es 6 semanas; y la edad m谩xima para la primera dosis es 14 semanas y 6 d铆as. Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years of age. Since the introduction of Rotavirus vaccine, there has been a worldwide reduction of mortality by diarrhea. In Venezuela, it is the leading cause of consultation and hospitalization. Mortality caused by diarrhea declined in the past 20 years, more than 50%. WHO/PAHO define acute diarrhea as three or more liquid or semi-liquid evacuations within 24 hours or at least one with the presence of abnormal elements (mucus, blood, pus), for a maximum of two weeks duration. Diarrhea is classified according to duration in acute, persistent and chronic; according to etiology in infectious and non-infectious; clinical syndromes are classified in choleriform and disenteriform diarrhea; pathogenesis may be osmotic, secretory or by disruption of motility. Patient evaluation should include assessment of duration, presence of blood, presence of vomiting, number of bowel movements in the first 24 hours, ability to drink, presence and intensity of thirst, presence of urinary output in the last six hours, drugs that have been given during the current episode. Mild to moderate diarrhea with dehydration do not require laboratory studies, stool test, fecal leukocytes, coproantigens are diagnostic aids. Stool culture should not be of routine practice. There are two Rotavirus vaccines in the country. They are recommended after 2 months of age. The minimum age for the first dose is 6 weeks; and the maximum age for the first dose is 14 weeks and 6 days
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