Appendix B. Woody dicot species and morphotypes in the Bighorn Basin floras.

Woody dicot species and morphotypes in the Bighorn Basin floras

Supplement 1. Complete insect damage data set from the nine Paleocene–Eocene Bighorn Basin sites described in this paper.

<h2>File List</h2><blockquote> <p><a href="data.txt">data.txt</a></p> </blockquote><h2>Description</h2><blockquote> <blockquote> <p>The complete insect damage data set shown as a list of every identifiable dicot leaf, its size, and the damage types on it.</p> <p>Column definitions:</p> <blockquote> <p>Site: Bighorn fossil plant sites. P = Paleocene, E = Eocene. Site numbers within the Paleocene and Eocene are chronologic, from oldest to youngest.</p> <p>USNM Locality Number: Formal locality number assigned by the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Sites E2, E3, and E5 consist of multiple localities at the same (or very nearly the same) stratigraphic level, and so each locality was given its own USNM locality number.</p> <p>Collector's Locality Number: Informal, preliminary locality number assigned in the field. EDC = Ellen Currano, SW = Scott Wing, PW = Peter Wilf. LB and DC1 were both collected by Scott Wing. Collections were made at some USNM localities during multiple years; therefore, the fossils collected from different years have different collector's locality numbers, which were written on the specimens.</p> <p>Field Collection Number: Specimen number assigned during field censuses. Specimens with census numbers were collected and are housed in the Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Those listed as "C" were tallied on the outcrop.</p> <p>Plant species: Full descriptions and photographs of the plant species and morphotypes are available in <a href="appendix-B.htm">Appendix B</a>.</p> <p>Size: Laminar size, as defined by Webb (1959): lepto = leptophyll, nano = nanophyll, micro = microphyll, noto = notophyll, meso = mesophyll, macro = macrophyll, mega = megaphyll, frag = fragment.</p> <p>DT: Insect damage morphotypes (DTs) observed on each fossil. P1 and P2 were scored for the presence or absence of each damage type (Wilf et al. 2006). For the other seven sites, the number of occurrences of each DT was recorded and is given in parentheses after the DT. For example, 4(2) means that there are two occurrences of DT 4 on the leaf. Piercing and sucking was scored for presence / absence because of the abundance of occurrences of piercing and sucking scars on individual leaves.</p> </blockquote> </blockquote> </blockquote

Appendix D. New insect feeding damage types from the Bighorn Basin floras.

New insect feeding damage types from the Bighorn Basin floras

Microscope images of dicot pollen from the Río Zeballos locality.

<p>Suggested extant affinities, if known, are shown in parentheses. A, <i>Ailanthipites</i> sp. (Anacardiaceae). B, <i>Bombacacidites</i> sp. (bombacoid Malvaceae). C, <i>Stephanocolpites</i> sp. (cf. Haloragaceae). D, E, Triprojectacites group cf. <i>Integricorpus</i> sp. (at two focal planes). F, <i>Mutisiapollis</i> sp. (Asteraceae). G, <i>Tricolporites</i> sp. H, <i>Proteacidites</i> sp. (Proteaceae). I, <i>Spinitricolpites</i> sp. J, <i>Ericipites microverrucatus</i> (Ericales). K, <i>Schizocolpus</i> sp. (Didymelaceae). Scale bars: A–C, F–K, 10 µm; D, E, 20 µm.</p

Map of study area.

<p>The new fossil plant locality occurs along the Río Zeballos (arrow, star) in Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. Also shown is the previously reported type locality of the Ligorio Márquez Formation <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0069281#pone.0069281-Surez2" target="_blank">[26]</a>, the Ligorio Márquez coal mine in XI Región, Chile.</p

Microscope images of cryptogam spores (A–C), other gymnosperm pollen (D–I) and monocot pollen (J–L) from the Río Zeballos locality.

<p>Suggested extant affinities, if known, are shown in parentheses. A, <i>Cyathidites</i> sp. (Cyatheaceae). B, <i>Ischyosporites areapunctata</i> (Stuchlik) Barreda (Dicksoniaceae). C, <i>Reboulisporites fuegiensis</i> Zamaloa & E.J. Romero (Aytoniaceae). D, <i>Phyllocladidites mawsonii</i> Cookson ex Couper (<i>Lagarostrobos</i>). E, <i>Podocarpidites marwickii</i> Couper (<i>Podocarpus</i>/<i>Prumnopitys</i>). F, <i>Podosporites microsaccatus</i> (Couper) M.E. Dettmann (<i>Microcachrys</i>). G, <i>Dacrycarpites australiensis</i> Cookson & K.M. Pike (<i>Dacrycarpus</i>). H, <i>Dacrydiumites florinii</i> Cookson & K.M. Pike var. (<i>Dacrydium</i>). I, <i>Microcachryidites antarcticus</i> Cookson (<i>Microcachrys</i>). J, <i>Liliacidites</i> cf. <i>L.</i> r<i>egularis</i> Archangelsky (Liliaceae). K, <i>Luminidites</i> sp. (Agavaceae). L, <i>Proxapertites</i> sp. (Araceae/Arecaceae). Scale bars: A–K, 10 µm; L, 20 µm.</p

<i>Acer spicatum</i> (Mountain Maple).

<p>(A) Whole subfossil EMS 419502. (B) EMS 419502, axillary tufts of acicular, aduncate, and filiform trichomes. Epifluorescence image. (C) Dense acicular, aduncate, and filiform basal trichomes of sample EMS 419502. Epifluorescence image. (D) and (E) <i>Acer spicatum</i> reference image from sample M5-2 of the Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania collection <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079317#pone.0079317-Hardin1" target="_blank">[72]</a>. Epifluorescence images. (D) Image shows axillary tufts with the same types and configuration of trichomes as (B), while (E) exhibits the same dense basal trichomes seen in (C).</p

World map showing the distribution of modern and fossil Rhamnaceae.

<p>Gray area indicates the distribution of extant Rhamnaceae. The shapes correspond to different fossilized plant organs and the colors represent different ages. The fossil flowers and leaves described here were collected from the Rancho Grande site in Chubut Argentina. Details of all occurrences shown here are listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0176164#pone.0176164.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>. The base map was created with Natural Earth Dataset.</p

<i>Acer rubrum</i> (Red Maple).

<p>(A) Coarse, compound serrated margin of subfossil EMS 419504. (B) Middle portion of a lobe, subfossil EMS 419505. (C) Lobe apex, subfossil EMS 419503. (D) <i>Acer rubrum</i> reference image from sample M9-1 of the Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania collection <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079317#pone.0079317-Mann1" target="_blank">[76]</a>. Numbers correspond to the probable areas of a lobe represented by EMS 419504, EMS 419505, and EMS 419503. Arrows in (A–C) point to dichotomizing tertiary veins near the margins. (E) Epifluorescence image showing puberulent vein junctions with aduncate trichomes and stomatal configuration on EMS 419505.</p

Spearman’s rank order correlations between modern stand and leaf litter data.

<p>Spearman’s rank order correlations between modern stand and leaf litter data.</p