Quantifying the perceptual value of lexical and non-lexical channels in speech

Speech is a fundamental means of communication that can be seen to provide two channels for transmitting information: the lexical channel of which words are said, and the non-lexical channel of how they are spoken. Both channels shape listener expectations of upcoming communication; however, directly quantifying their relative effect on expectations is challenging. Previous attempts require spoken variations of lexically-equivalent dialogue turns or conspicuous acoustic manipulations. This paper introduces a generalised paradigm to study the value of non-lexical information in dialogue across unconstrained lexical content. By quantifying the perceptual value of the non-lexical channel with both accuracy and entropy reduction, we show that non-lexical information produces a consistent effect on expectations of upcoming dialogue: even when it leads to poorer discriminative turn judgements than lexical content alone, it yields higher consensus among participants.Comment: To be published in Interspeech 2023, 5 pages, 1 figur

The co-ordination and cleavage reactions of aluminium borohydride with ligands containing elements from Groups V and VI

Aluminium borohydride reacts with triphenylphosphine to form initially a 1 : 1 adduct; subsequent addition of excess of ligand causes decomposition of this adduct, and results in cleavage of the AlH2B bridges. With ammonia the initial reaction product is a 1 : 2 adduct, Al(BH4)3,2NH3, but here excess of ligand cleaves the AlH2B bridges unsymmetrically, and the final product is best formulated as [Al(NH3)6]3+(BH4–)3. The relative strengths of the co-ordinate bond in a series of 1 : 1 adducts have been studied by displacement reactions which show NMe3 PMe3 > AsMe3 and Me2O > Me2S. The similarity in the nitrogen and phosphorus compounds is discussed with relevance to the formation of 1 : 2 adducts in these case

A study of metal borohydrides. The reaction of aluminium borohydride with various ligand molecules

The reactions of aluminium borohydride with several Lewis bases, containing donor atoms from Groups V and VI, have been studied. All the bases react initially to form 1 : 1 adducts, and those containing nitrogen or phosphorus as the donor atom then react further until 4 equivalents of ligand have been consumed; the products are then derivatives of aluminium hydride, L+A1H3 (where L = ligand) and borane, L+BH,. The infrared and the proton and llB nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectra of the products have been recorded, and are discussed in relation to the structure of the adducts. In addition, a comparison of the behaviour of aluminium borohydride with that of the boron hydrides is made

Spectroscopic studies on derivatives of aluminium borohydride

The assignment of group frequencies in the i.r. spectra of derivatives of aluminium borohydride has been made by the use of aluminium borodeuteride. Variations in the spectra with the change of ligand are discussed. The properties of the compounds in solutions have been studied using 1H n.m.r. spectroscopy, and data obtained over a range of temperature indicate that the 1 : 1 adducts with trimethylamine and trimethylphosphine dissociate in solution, and probably exist in equilibrium with both the 1 : 2 adducts, e.g. Al(BH4)3,2NMe3 and free aluminium borohydrid