A Review of Fulvestrant in Breast Cancer

<p><b>Article full text</b></p> <p><br></p> <p>The full text of this article can be found here<b>. </b><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40487-017-0046-2">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40487-017-0046-2</a></p><p></p> <p><br></p> <p><b>Provide enhanced content for this article</b></p> <p><br></p> <p>If you are an author of this publication and would like to provide additional enhanced content for your article then please contact <a href="http://www.medengine.com/Redeem/”mailto:[email protected]”"><b>[email protected]</b></a>.</p> <p><br></p> <p>The journal offers a range of additional features designed to increase visibility and readership. All features will be thoroughly peer reviewed to ensure the content is of the highest scientific standard and all features are marked as ‘peer reviewed’ to ensure readers are aware that the content has been reviewed to the same level as the articles they are being presented alongside. Moreover, all sponsorship and disclosure information is included to provide complete transparency and adherence to good publication practices. This ensures that however the content is reached the reader has a full understanding of its origin. No fees are charged for hosting additional open access content.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Other enhanced features include, but are not limited to:</p> <p><br></p> <p>• Slide decks</p> <p>• Videos and animations</p> <p>• Audio abstracts</p> <p>• Audio slides</p

Primary antibodies.

<p>Primary antibodies.</p

Increased expression of the ECM proteins tenascin, fibronectin and pro-collagen 1 in healing BU lesions.

<p>Serial histological sections were stained with antibodies against αSMA and the ECM proteins tenascin, fibronectin and pro-collagen 1 and counterstained with Haematoxylin. Panel A represents a typical lesion before commencement of antibiotic therapy (T1) and Panel B and C typical tissue specimens from two patients after completion of therapy (T3). Whereas no or only weak staining for αSMA, tenascin, fibronectin and pro-collagen 1 was observed before therapy (A1–A4), tissues turned strongly positive for all four markers after completion of treatment (B1–B4 and C1–C4). Staining of ECM proteins was most prominent in areas containing many αSMA positive myofibroblasts.</p

Increase of Cytokeratin 16 expression by keratinocytes during antibiotic therapy.

<p>Histological sections were stained by immunohistochemistry with an anti-Cytokeratin 16 antibodies and were counterstained with Haematoxylin. While healthy skin was completely devoid of Cytokeratin 16 staining (A1), some staining was observed (A2) in the epidermal layer of untreated BU lesions (T1). Staining intensity and epidermal thickness increased in samples collected during (T2) and after completion (T3) of antibiotic therapy (A3, A4). After completion of therapy (T3) heterogeneous staining (B, Overview), with some areas of the epidermal layer showing much weaker Cytokeratin 16 staining (Region 1) than others (Region 2) was observed.</p

Emergence of apoptotic fat cells after completion of antibiotic therapy.

<p>Histological sections were stained by immunohistochemistry with anti-CC3 antibodies and were counterstained with Haematoxylin. Infiltrated necrotic areas (A, C, E) and fat cell layers (B, D, F) of the subcutaneous tissues are displayed. Before treatment some of the infiltrating cells showed CC3 staining (A). No staining was observed in the subcutaneous layer (B). During treatment (C, D) only very few cells showed CC3 staining. After treatment substantial numbers of infiltrating cells were CC3-positive (E) and in addition larger numbers of CC3-positive fat cells were found (F).</p

Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Glaciers. 1. Deposition History from an Alpine Ice Core

We present a highly time-resolved historical record of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from an Alpine ice core (Fiescherhorn glacier, Switzerland). Introduced in the 1940s, PCBs were widely used industrial chemicals. Because of their persistence they are still found in the environment, long after their production phase-out. The Fiescherhorn ice core record covers the entire time period of industrial use of PCBs, that is, 1940–2002. The total concentration of six PCBs varies from 0.5 to 5 ng L^–1 and reveals a temporal trend, with an 8-fold increase from the early 1940s to the peak value in the 1970s. The level in 2002 is comparable to the concentration in the 1940s, when PCBs were introduced into the market. The time trend of PCBs associated with the particulate fraction closely follows the trend found in the dissolved fraction, but the absolute values are a factor of 10 lower. In addition to changing emissions, fluctuations in the PCB record were explained by variabilty in convective transport and postdepositional processes such as surface melting. Concentrations of PCBs are in agreement with data from seasonal snow samples in the Alps, but are a factor of 100 higher than concentrations measured in the Arctic. Contrasting time trends and congener patterns between the Alpine and Arctic region indicate the importance of atmospheric transport and postdepositional effects

Dynamic Transgenerational Fate of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Dioxins/Furans in Lactating Cows and Their Offspring

We report on two farms in Switzerland heavily contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins (PCDD/Fs), occurring in the first case from diffuse sources and in the second case from PCB-containing wall paint. Extensive measurements of PCBs and PCDD/Fs on site (soil, forage, and paint) and in cattle (blood, fat, and milk) allowed validation of our novel dynamic toxicokinetic model, which includes the transfer of contaminants from the mother cows to their suckling calf and the uptake of soil by grazing cattle. We show that for calves, the mother milk is the main uptake route of contaminants. For both cows and calves, ingestion of contaminated soil, although often overlooked, is an appreciable uptake path. The remediation of the contaminated stable lead to a 2–3 fold reduction of the PCB levels in animals within one year. The transfer of animals to an uncontaminated mountain site during summer proved to be an effective decontamination procedure with up to 50% reduction of the levels within three months. Our study calls for a rapid removal of PCB-containing materials in animal husbandry farms and shows that the diffuse contamination of soils will remain a source for PCBs and PCDD/Fs in our food chain for decades to come

Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Zurich, SwitzerlandAtmospheric Concentrations and Emissions

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are of concern due to their potential for adverse health effects, bioaccumulation, persistence, and long-range transport. Data on concentrations of SCCPs in urban areas and underlying emissions are still scarce. In this study, we investigated the levels and spatial distribution of SCCPs in air, based on two separate, spatially resolved sampling campaigns in the city of Zurich, Switzerland. SCCP concentrations in air ranged from 1.8 to 17 ng·m^–3 (spring 2011) and 1.1 to 42 ng·m^–3 (spring 2013) with medians of 4.3 and 2.7 ng·m^–3, respectively. Both data sets show that atmospheric SCCP levels in Zurich can vary substantially and may be influenced by a number of localized sources within this urban area. Additionally, continuous measurements of atmospheric concentrations performed at one representative sampling site in the city center from 2011 to 2013 showed strong seasonal variations with high SCCP concentrations in summer and lower levels in winter. A long-term dynamic multimedia environmental fate model was parametrized to simulate the seasonal trends of SCCP concentrations in air and to back-calculate urban emissions. Resulting annual SCCP emissions in the city of Zurich accounted for 218–321 kg, which indicates that large SCCP stocks are present in urban areas of industrialized countries

Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Glaciers. 2. Model Results of Deposition and Incorporation Processes

In previous work, Alpine glaciers have been identified as a secondary source of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, detailed understanding of the processes organic chemicals undergo in a glacial system was missing. Here, we present results from a chemical fate model describing deposition and incorporation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) into an Alpine glacier (Fiescherhorn, Switzerland) and an Arctic glacier (Lomonosovfonna, Norway). To understand PCB fate and dynamics, we investigate the interaction of deposition, sorption to ice and particles in the atmosphere and within the glacier, revolatilization, diffusion and degradation, and discuss the effects of these processes on the fate of individual PCB congeners. The model is able to reproduce measured absolute concentrations in the two glaciers for most PCB congeners. While the model generally predicts concentration profiles peaking in the 1970s, in the measurements, this behavior can only be seen for higher-chlorinated PCB congeners on Fiescherhorn glacier. We suspect seasonal melt processes are disturbing the concentration profiles of the lower-chlorinated PCB congeners. While a lower-chlorinated PCB congener is mainly deposited by dry deposition and almost completely revolatilized after deposition, a higher-chlorinated PCB congener is predominantly transferred to the glacier surface by wet deposition and then is incorporated into the glacier ice. The incorporated amounts of PCBs are higher on the Alpine glacier than on the Arctic glacier due to the higher precipitation rate and aerosol particle concentration on the former. Future studies should include the effects of seasonal melt processes, calculate the quantities of PCBs incorporated into the entire glacier surface, and estimate the quantity of chemicals released from glaciers to determine the importance of glaciers as a secondary source of organic chemicals to remote aquatic ecosystems

Emissions of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Switzerland: A Combination of Long-Term Measurements and Modeling

Ambient air concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Zurich, Switzerland, are reported for the years 2011–2013. These measurements reveal a distinct seasonal trend with PCB concentrations in air during the summer that were three to five times higher than in the winter. We used a long-term dynamic multimedia model to analyze the seasonal trend and to back-calculate urban emissions of PCBs. In contrast to previous short-term studies that considered time periods of several days to months to extrapolate annual emissions, the use of long-term field data and the corresponding model reduces the uncertainty in these extrapolations. Comparison with measured PCB concentrations in air shows that our model is able to reproduce seasonal trends of the six indicator PCBs (iPCBs). The good agreement of the model results with measurements over a time period of three years provides confidence in model outputs and allows us to estimate the total annual PCB emissions of Zurich (86 μg capita^–1 d^–1). The resulting summer emissions are nine times higher than emissions during winter. Interestingly, this factor corresponds to the expected increase in PCB volatilization due to the effect of temperature on vapor pressure. This finding implies that PCBs in Zurich are probably released mainly by volatilization from sources that are directly exposed to ambient air temperature (i.e., outdoor sources). The derived emissions are in accordance with previous studies performed at the same location and are also in agreement with an existing emission inventory