The Legalization of American Society: Economic Regulation

My central thesis is that regulation may be insightfully classified into three broad types of response to perceived market failure, and I will merely touch examples of each. The first is protection of competitive results. I shall focus on natural monopoly regulation, although anti-trust would do as well. The second is protection from competitive results, such as entry control and setting of minimum prices. The third is regulation of externalities such as pollution and accidents arising as byproducts of more usual production

Toward a National AntiTrust Policy?

Based on a speech given in NYC on March 4, 1976 at a conference on AntiTrust Issues in Today\u27s Econom

Legal Success and Legal Failure

An address delivered on April 15, 1977 at the Honors Convocation at the University of Michigan Law School

Conglomerates and the Public Interest

Extracts from a paper delivered at a conference on the legal-economic aspects of conglomerates, University of Chicago, October 17, 1969. If by public interest we mean merely public curiosity, the answer to What is the public interest? is considerable. The literature on conglomerates has expanded at least as rapidly as the conglomerates themselves and there is no shortage of policy prescriptions by economists, lawyers, and journalists. Indeed my concern has shifted from wondering if I could define the relevant issues to wondering if there is anything left to say. .

Law and Quantitative Multivariate Analysis: An Encounter

This Article chronicles one attempt to blend the sophisticated science of statistics with the mysterious art of the law in an antitrust case. Once again, we hope to provide lawyers with an understanding of a tool which can be used in resolving complex factual questions wherever they arise, not merely in an antitrust context. Although the lawyer will not emerge from this encounter as an accomplished statistician or economist, he may be able to talk to his fellow social scientists and to achieve a more fruitful application of social science techniques to the law

Integrating phylogenomics, phylogenetics, morphometrics, relative genome size and ecological niche modelling disentangles the diversification of Eurasian Euphorbia seguieriana s. l. (Euphorbiaceae)

Next generation sequencing has revolutionised biology. Restriction-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) has primarily been used to study infraspecific relationships but has also been applied in multi-species phylogenomic analyses. In this study, we used a combination of phylogenomic (with RADseq data) and phylogenetic (with sequences of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer, ITS) methods to explore relationships within the taxonomically intricate Euphorbia seguieriana s. l., one of the most widespread Euphorbia taxa inhabiting zonal and extrazonal steppes from Iberia to Central Asia. In the inferred phylogenies the southeastern Balkan and Anatolian populations were clearly separated, supporting the distinction of E. niciciana from E. seguieriana at the species level. Within E. seguieriana, the populations from the Caucasus, Iran, and easternmost Anatolia were sister to all other populations based on RADseq, making necessary the description of a new, morphologically divergent subspecies, E. seguieriana subsp. armeniaca. Conversely, additional studies are needed to understand the status of E. seguieriana subsp. hohenackeri, which is sympatric with E. seguieriana subsp. armeniaca. Niche analyses indicated that differences in the climatic niche between E. niciciana and E. seguieriana are relatively small compared with the climatic differences between the regions over which they are distributed. Contrary to previous believes, E. niciciana and E. seguieriana are allopatric and have likely diverged during the Pleistocene in two different glacial refugia as suggested by distribution modelling. Euphorbia niciciana nowadays has a submediterranean distribution, occupying habitats that are slightly warmer, moister, and less seasonal in temperature but more seasonal in precipitation than E. seguieriana, a characteristic species of continental steppes. Using flow cytometry, we demonstrate that the relative genome sizes of E. niciciana and E. seguieriana differ significantly. Additionally, multivariate morphometric analyses of 56 morphological characters indicated clear morphological divergence of the two species. Importantly, we also provide a revised taxonomic treatment including formal nomenclatural changes, an identification key and species descriptions. Our study demonstrates that an integrative approach, combining modern phylogenomic methods with traditional phylogenetic, cytogenetic, environmental and morphological analyses can result in satisfactorily resolved relationships in intricate groups of closely related species. Finally, phylogenetic inference using ITS sequences is still a useful tool for resolving relationships among the taxa at the species level, but the phylogenomic approach based on RADseq data certainly provides better resolution both among and within species.Austrian Science Fund Tiroler Wissenschaftsfond

Exact Numerical Calculation of the Density of States of the Fluctuating Gap Model

We develop a powerful numerical algorithm for calculating the density of states rho(omega) of the fluctuating gap model, which describes the low-energy physics of disordered Peierls and spin-Peierls chains. We obtain rho(omega) with unprecedented accuracy from the solution of a simple initial value problem for a single Riccati equation. Generating Gaussian disorder with large correlation length xi by means of a simple Markov process, we present a quantitative study of the behavior of rho (omega) in the pseudogap regime. In particular, we show that in the commensurate case and in the absence of forward scattering the pseudogap is overshadowed by a Dyson singularity below a certain energy scale omega^{ast}, which we explicitly calculate as a function of xi.Comment: 4 revtex pages, 3 figure

Spectroscopic investigation of the deeply buried Cu In,Ga S,Se 2 Mo interface in thin film solar cells

The Cu In,Ga S,Se 2 Mo interface in thin film solar cells has been investigated by surface sensitive photoelectron spectroscopy, bulk sensitive X ray emission spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. It is possible to access this deeply buried interface by using a suitable lift off technique, which allows to investigate the back side of the absorber layer as well as the front side of the Mo back contact. We find a layer of Mo S,Se 2 on the surface of the Mo back contact and a copper poor stoichiometry at the back side of the Cu In,Ga S,Se 2 absorber. Furthermore, we observe that the Na content at the Cu In,Ga S,Se 2 Mo interface as well as at the inner grain boundaries in the back contact region is significantly lower than at the absorber front surfac