Theoretical Hyperbolic Model of a Partial Agonism: Explicit Formulas for Affinity, Efficacy and Amplification

The quantitative analysis of receptor-mediated effect is based on experimental concentration-response data in which the independent variable, the concentration of a receptor ligand, is linked with a dependent variable, the biological response. The steps between the drug–receptor interaction and the subsequent biological effect are to some extent unknown. The shape of the fitting curve of the experimental data may give some in-sights into the nature of the concentration–receptor–response (C-R-R) mechanism. It can be evaluated by non-linear regression analysis of the experimental data points of the independent and dependent variables, which could be considered as a history of the interaction between the drug and receptors. However, this information is not enough to evaluate such important parameters of the mechanism as the dissociation constant (affinity) and efficacy. There are two ways to provide more detailed information about the C-R-R mechanism: (i) an experimental way for obtaining data with new orThe study was partially supported by Bulgarian NSF Projects: DOO2-162/ 2008 and DOO2-135/2009

Integer Programming Approach to HP Folding

One of the most widely studied protein structure prediction models is the hydrophobic-hydrophilic (HP) model, which explains the hydrophobic interaction and tries to maximize the number of contacts among hydrophobic amino-acids. In order to find a lower bound for the number of contacts, a number of heuristics have been proposed, but finding the optimal solution is still a challenge. In this research, we focus on creating a new integer programming model which is capable to provide tractable input for mixed-integer programming solvers, is general enough and allows relaxation with provable good upper bounds. Computational experiments using benchmark problems show that our formulation achieves these goals.This work was supported by NFSR of Bulgaria, projects DOO2-162/16.12.2008, DOO2-135/31.07.2009 and DO 02-35

Chemical Chaperones Improve Protein Secretion and Rescue Mutant Factor VIII in Mice with Hemophilia A.

nefficient intracellular protein trafficking is a critical issue in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases and in recombinant protein production. Here we investigated the trafficking of factor VIII (FVIII), which is affected in the coagulation disorder hemophilia A. We hypothesized that chemical chaperones may be useful to enhance folding and processing of FVIII in recombinant protein production, and as a therapeutic approach in patients with impaired FVIII secretion. A tagged B-domain-deleted version of human FVIII was expressed in cultured Chinese Hamster Ovary cells to mimic the industrial production of this important protein. Of several chemical chaperones tested, the addition of betaine resulted in increased secretion of FVIII, by increasing solubility of intracellular FVIII aggregates and improving transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi. Similar results were obtained in experiments monitoring recombinant full-length FVIII. Oral betaine administration also increased FVIII and factor IX (FIX) plasma levels in FVIII or FIX knockout mice following gene transfer. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo applications of betaine were also able to rescue a trafficking-defective FVIII mutant (FVIIIQ305P). We conclude that chemical chaperones such as betaine might represent a useful treatment concept for hemophilia and other diseases caused by deficient intracellular protein trafficking

Correction of bleeding in experimental severe hemophilia A by systemic delivery of factor VIII- encoding mRNA Short title: mRNA-based therapy for hemophilia A Scientific category: Thrombosis and Hemostasis

International audienc

Biomarker candidates of neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease for the evaluation of disease-modifying therapeutics

Reliable biomarkers that can be used for early diagnosis and tracking disease progression are the cornerstone of the development of disease-modifying treatments for Parkinson’s disease (PD). The German Society of Experimental and Clinical Neurotherapeutics (GESENT) has convened a Working Group to review the current status of proposed biomarkers of neurodegeneration according to the following criteria and to develop a consensus statement on biomarker candidates for evaluation of disease-modifying therapeutics in PD. The criteria proposed are that the biomarker should be linked to fundamental features of PD neuropathology and mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in PD, should be correlated to disease progression assessed by clinical rating scales, should monitor the actual disease status, should be pre-clinically validated, and confirmed by at least two independent studies conducted by qualified investigators with the results published in peer-reviewed journals. To date, available data have not yet revealed one reliable biomarker to detect early neurodegeneration in PD and to detect and monitor effects of drug candidates on the disease process, but some promising biomarker candidates, such as antibodies against neuromelanin, pathological forms of α-synuclein, DJ-1, and patterns of gene expression, metabolomic and protein profiling exist. Almost all of the biomarker candidates were not investigated in relation to effects of treatment, validated in experimental models of PD and confirmed in independent studies

Nicht-viraler Faktor-IX-Gentransfer und die Entwicklung von Faktor-IX-Muteinen für neue therapeutische Strategien bei Hämophilie A und B

Die Hämophile ist eine X-chromosomal vererbbare Blutungserkrankung, die durch einen funktionellen Mangel der Gerinnungsaktoren Faktor VIII oder Faktor IX im Fall der Hämo-philie A oder Hämophilie B hervorgerufen wird. Der niedrige therapeutische Schwellenwert in der Behandlung der Hämophilie (Faktorenspiegel >1%) macht diese Krankheit zu einem idealen Zielobjekt in der Gentherapie. Eine schwerwiegende Komplikation in der Behandlung der Hämophilen besteht in der Entwicklung von neutralisierenden Antikörpern gegen das the-rapeutisch substituierte Protein. Akute Blutungen in solchen Hemmkörper-Patienten werden derzeit durch FVIII- und FIX-unabhängigen Bypass-Agenzien kontrolliert. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde nach einer erfolgten Optimierung eines nicht-viralen Ansatzes zur Transgenex-pression von FIX in der Leber der Maus dieses Gentransfersystem dazu verwendet, um eine Entwicklung von neuen, auf FIX basierenden, FVIII-Bypass-Strategien in vivo zu ermöglichen. Im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Plasmidvektoren und Vektorrückgrat-freie Minicircle-Konstrukte auf ihre Effizienz zur Expression des FIX-Transgens nach hydrodyna-misch basiertem Gentransfer in die Leber der Maus untersucht. Der Gentransfer der Mini-circle führte hierbei zu einer höheren Transgenexpression und einem geringeren Abfall der FIX-Antigen-Spiegel über die Zeit. Darüber hinaus war das FIX-Protein selbst bei den höchs-ten Expressionsleveln (700% des physiologischen Levels) völlig funktional aktiv. Der Abfall der Transgenexpression über die Zeit konnte größtenteils auf den Verlust des Vektors zurück-geführt werden. Ein signifikanter Silencing-Effekt konnte nur in den Plasmidvektor- und nicht in den Minicircle-behandelten Gruppen beobachtet werden. Diesbezüglich wurde nach 100 Tagen Persistenz der nicht-viralen Vektoren in der Mausleber eine signifikante Akkumulation an CpG-Methylierungen in regulatorischen Sequenzen des hAAT-Promoters im Plasmidvek-tor gegenüber den Minicirclen ermittelt. Außerdem konnte ebenfalls eine Demethylierung von Cytosin-Nukleotiden in bakteriellen Dcm-Sequenzmotiven über die Zeit beobachtet werden, die eine signifikant höhere Rate für das Minicircle-Konstrukt im hAAT-Promoter aufwies. Die erprobten nicht-viralen Vektoren versprechen somit eine ausreichende Effizienz, um eine Translation in den Menschen, z. B. über eine spezifische Behandlung von Lebersegmenten, möglich erscheinen zu lassen. Die Methylierungsanalyse von Promoterelementen auf Sequenzebene erbrachte zudem konkrete Ansätze zum Design von nicht-viralen Vektoren mit einer noch stabileren FIX-Expression. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde mit Hilfe eines Screening-Systems zur Aktivitätstestung von rekombinant exprimierten FIX-Varianten die Mutation K265T als die entscheidende Sub-stitution im 99-loop identifiziert, welche die FVIII-unabhängige Aktivität im FIX-Protein unter physiologischen Bedingungen begünstigt. Das Wildtyp- IX-Protein braucht hingegen FVIII um eine 106-fache Steigerung seiner proteolytischen Aktivität zu erreichen. Durch Kombination der Mutation K265T mit V181I und I383V konnte diese spezifische FVIII-Bypass-Aktivität in der resultierenden FIX-Variante (ITV) auf 15,6% (verglichen zu FIX in Anwesenheit von FVIII) gesteigert werden. Durch Inkubation der FIX-Varianten mit Plasma-proben aus Hemmkörper-Patienten konnte die Funktionalität der FIX-Varianten selbst in der Anwesenheit von inhibitorischen FVIII-Antikörpern demonstriert werden. Durch Untersu-chungen des Aktivierungszustands von FIX konnte zudem gezeigt werden, dass die im Rah-men dieser Arbeit generierten FIX-Varianten nicht voraktiviert sind und die messbare FVIII-Bypass-Aktivität FIX spezifisch ist. Darüber hinaus konnte hier erstmals eine hämostatische Effizienz von FIX-Varianten mit einer FVIII-unabhängigen Aktivität in einem relevanten Krankheitsmodel demonstriert werden. Diesbezüglich resultierte der nicht-virale Gentransfer der FIX-Varianten in FVIII-K.O.-Mäusen in einer dosisabhängigen Verkürzung der aPTT-basierenden Gerinnungszeit und in einer Reduktion des Blutverlustes im tail-clip-Assay in An- oder Abwesenheit von inhibitorischen FVIII-Antikörpern. Desweiteren konnte zudem mittels Vakzinierung von FIX-WT-tolerierten Mäusen mit den FIX-Varianten demonstriert werden, dass die hier eingeführten Mutationen keine hoch-immunogenen Epitope des FIX-Proteins betreffen. Schließlich konnte die Expression der FIX-Varianten in hämostatisch normalen Mäusen nicht mit der Entstehung von thromboembolischen Ereignissen selbst in einem intakten Gerinnungssystem assoziiert werden. Die hier beschriebenen FIX-Varianten könnten somit einen sicheren und effizienten Therapieansatz zur Behandlung der Hämophilie A mit inhibitorischen Antikörpern darstellen und hinsichtlich der Halbwertszeit und des möglichen throboembolischen Risikos zu einer wesentlichen Verbesserung der bereits verfügbaren Bypass-Strategien beitragen

Analysis of docking algorithms by HPC methods generated in bioinformatics studies

High-performance computing (HPC) is an important domain of the computer science field. For more than 30 years, it has allowed finding solutions to problems and enhanced progress in many scientific areas such as bioinformatics and drug design. The binding of small molecule ligands to large protein targets is central to numerous biological processes. The accurate prediction of the binding modes between the ligand and protein (the docking problem) is of fundamental importance in modern structure-based drug design. The interactions between the receptor and ligand are quantum mechanical in nature, but due to the complexity of biological systems, quantum theory cannot be applied directly. Consequently, most methods used in docking and computational drug discovery are more empirical in nature and usually lack generality

Analysis of docking algorithms by HPC methods generated in bioinformatics studies

High-performance computing (HPC) is an important domain of the computer science field. For more than 30 years, it has allowed finding solutions to problems and enhanced progress in many scientific areas such as bioinformatics and drug design. The binding of small molecule ligands to large protein targets is central to numerous biological processes. The accurate prediction of the binding modes between the ligand and protein (the docking problem) is of fundamental importance in modern structure-based drug design. The interactions between the receptor and ligand are quantum mechanical in nature, but due to the complexity of biological systems, quantum theory cannot be applied directly. Consequently, most methods used in docking and computational drug discovery are more empirical in nature and usually lack generality

Performance comparison of model selection criteria by generated experimental data

In Bioinformatics and other areas the model selection is a process of choosing a model from set of candidate models of different classes which will provide the best balance between goodness of fitting of the data and complexity of the model. There are many criteria for evaluation of mathematical models for data fitting. The main objectives of this study are: (1) to fitting artificial experimental data with different models with increasing complexity; (2) to test whether two known criteria as Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) can correctly identify the model, used to generate the artificial data and (3) to assess and compare empirically the performance of AIC and BIC

Performance comparison of model selection criteria by generated experimental data

In Bioinformatics and other areas the model selection is a process of choosing a model from set of candidate models of different classes which will provide the best balance between goodness of fitting of the data and complexity of the model. There are many criteria for evaluation of mathematical models for data fitting. The main objectives of this study are: (1) to fitting artificial experimental data with different models with increasing complexity; (2) to test whether two known criteria as Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) can correctly identify the model, used to generate the artificial data and (3) to assess and compare empirically the performance of AIC and BIC