2,407 research outputs found
Detecting Good Public Policy Rationales for the American Rule: A Response to the Ill-Conceived Calls for âLoser Paysâ Rules
Several critiques have been leveled at the American Ruleâthat is, the rule that each party to a lawsuit should pay for its attorneys. Some claim that there were no principled justifications offered by the nineteenth-century jurists who authored the opinions marking the ruleâs origins. Instead, these jurists only cited their statesâ âtaxable costsâ statutes. Others claim that the American Ruleâas well as its close relative, the contingency-fee contractâcontributed to a âliability explosionâ in that century. This Article offers a comprehensive examination of the origins of, rationales given for, and impact of the American Rule; then it evaluates instances in which the rule has faced legislative, judicial, and academic opposition
Classifying, quantifying, and witnessing qudit-qumode hybrid entanglement
Recently, several hybrid approaches to quantum information emerged which
utilize both continuous- and discrete-variable methods and resources at the
same time. In this work, we investigate the bipartite hybrid entanglement
between a finite-dimensional, discrete-variable quantum system and an
infinite-dimensional, continuous-variable quantum system. A classification
scheme is presented leading to a distinction between pure hybrid entangled
states, mixed hybrid entangled states (those effectively supported by an
overall finite-dimensional Hilbert space), and so-called truly hybrid entangled
states (those which cannot be described in an overall finite-dimensional
Hilbert space). Examples for states of each regime are given and entanglement
witnessing as well as quantification are discussed. In particular, using the
channel map of a thermal photon noise channel, we find that true hybrid
entanglement naturally occurs in physically important settings. Finally,
extensions from bipartite to multipartite hybrid entanglement are considered.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures, final published version in Physical Review
Gender preferences for children revisited: new evidence from Germany
Empirical research investigating gender preferences for children and their implications for fertility decisions in advanced industrial societies is relatively scarce. Recent studies on this matter have presented ambiguous evidence regarding the existence as well as the direction such preferences can take. We use data from the most recent German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) to analyse determinants of the preferred sex composition of prospective offspring as well as the influence of the sex of previous children on the respondentÂŽs fertility intentions and their actual behaviour at different parities. We find that the socio-demographic determinants of gender preferences differ when childless respondents are compared with parents, and that boys are preferred as a first child. Although an ultimate sex composition that includes at least one son and one daughter is generally favoured, there is no evidence for a behaviourally relevant gender preference in Germany, when higher parities are considered.Germany, fertility, sex preference
Enabling the Poor to Have Their Day in Court: The Sanctioning of Contingency Fee Contracts, a History to 1940
Neural Message Passing with Edge Updates for Predicting Properties of Molecules and Materials
Neural message passing on molecular graphs is one of the most promising
methods for predicting formation energy and other properties of molecules and
materials. In this work we extend the neural message passing model with an edge
update network which allows the information exchanged between atoms to depend
on the hidden state of the receiving atom. We benchmark the proposed model on
three publicly available datasets (QM9, The Materials Project and OQMD) and
show that the proposed model yields superior prediction of formation energies
and other properties on all three datasets in comparison with the best
published results. Furthermore we investigate different methods for
constructing the graph used to represent crystalline structures and we find
that using a graph based on K-nearest neighbors achieves better prediction
accuracy than using maximum distance cutoff or the Voronoi tessellation graph
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