Comparison of Basis-Vector Selection Methods for Target and Background Subspaces as Applied to Subpixel Target Detection

This paper focuses on comparing three basis-vector selection techniques as applied to target detection in hyperspectral imagery. The basis-vector selection methods tested were the singular value decomposition (SVD), pixel purity index (PPI), and a newly developed approach called the maximum distance (MaxD) method. Target spaces were created using an illumination invariant technique, while the background space was generated from AVIRIS hyperspectral imagery. All three selection techniques were applied (in various combinations) to target as well as background spaces so as to generate dimensionally-reduced subspaces. Both target and background subspaces were described by linear subspace models (i.e., structured models). Generated basis vectors were then implemented in a generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) detector. False alarm rates (FAR) were tabulated along with a new summary metric called the average false alarm rate (AFAR). Some additional summary metrics are also introduced. Impact of the number of basis vectors in the target and background subspaces on detector performance was also investigated. For the given AVIRIS data set, the MaxD method as applied to the background subspace outperformed the other two methods tested (SVD and PPI)

Array-Based Statistical Analysis of the MK-3 Authenticated Encryption Scheme

Authenticated encryption (AE) schemes are symmetric key cryptographic methods that support confidentiality, integrity and source authentication. There are many AE algorithms in existence today, in part thanks to the CAESAR competition for authenticated encryption, which is in its final stage. In our previous work we introduced a novel AE algorithm MK-3 (not part of the CAESAR competition), which is based on the duplex sponge construction and it is using novel large 16×16 AES-like S-boxes. Unlike most AE schemes, MK-3 scheme provides additional customization features for users who desire unique solutions. This makes it well suited for government and military applications. In this paper, we develop a new array- based statistical analysis approach to evaluate randomness of cryptographic primitives and show its effectiveness in the analysis of MK-3. One of the strengths of this method is that it focuses on the randomness of cryptographic primitive function rather than only on the randomness of the outpu

Customization Modes for the Harris MK-3 Authenticated Encryption Algorithm

MK-3 is a new proprietary authenticated encryption algorithm based on the duplex sponge construction. To provide security autonomy capability, such that different users can have sovereign variants of the encryption algorithm, MK-3 is designed to be customizable. Two levels of customization are supported, Factory Customization and Field Customization. Customization is done by modifying functions and function parameters in the algorithm to yield differing cipher functions while preserving the algorithm’s security. This paper describes the MK-3 algorithm’s customization options and discusses results of testing designed to verify security autonomy among the customized variants

Geometric basis-vector selection meth ods and subpixel target detection as applied to hyperspectral imagery

Abstract-In this paper, we compare three basis-vector selection methods as applied to subpixel target detection. This is a continuation of previous research in which a similar comparison was performed based on an AVIRIS image. Our goal is to find out to what extent our previous observations apply more broadly to other images, more specifically, a HYDICE image used in this paper. Our target detection approach is based on generating a radiance target region using a physical model to generate radiance spectra as observed under a wide range of atmospheric, illumination, and viewing conditions. The advantage of this approach is that the resulting target detection is invariant to those changing conditions. For the purpose of target detection, we use a structured model to describe each image spectra as a linear combination of the target and background basis-vectors, and then we apply a matched subspace detector. Finally, we find ROC curves to describe the relationship between the detection rate (DR) and the false alarm rate (FAR). Due to a large number of cases considered, we use summary metrics to represent our results. The obtained results are quite different from those obtained in [1] for the AVIRIS image. The best method for generating the background basis vectors in the AVIRIS image was the MaxD method, while the SVD method proved to be best for the HYDICE image used in this paper. Further research is needed to find out the reasons for these differences. It is not surprising that different methods are optimal for different types of data. However, it would be useful to be able to recognize the optimal method without assuming knowledge of the targets in the image

BSA but not fatty acid-free BSA (FAF-BSA) induced down-regulation of <i>RIPK4</i> mRNA in HaCaT and A431 cells.

A. Fractions of FBS or FBE separated by columns with 100KD cutoff were analyzed on SDS-polyacrylamide gel. The majority of BSA was retained in the fractions larger than 100KD. B, C) 0.5% BSA induced down-regulation of PKK mRNA in HaCaT cells (B) or A431 cells (C), similar to FBE. This down-regulation was not abolished by proteinase K (PK) treatment. Data in B were pooled from two independent experiments. D, E) In contrast to BSA, 0.5% Fatty acid-free BSA (FAF-BSA) failed to suppress RIPK4 mRNA expression in either HaCaT (D) or A431 (E) cells. Data in D were pooled from three independent experiments and data in E from two independent experiments. *: p < 0.05.</p

MTT analysis on HaCaT cells expressing shControl and shRIPK4.

HaCaT cells expressing control shRNA or shRNA against RIPK4 were analyzed for cell proliferation after LPA or vehicle treatment by MTT assay. Whereas enhanced cell proliferation was observed in RIPK4-knockdown cells after vehicle treatment, this difference was minimized when LPA was administered. *: p p (TIF)</p