Percentage Symptom Reduction with Active Treatments and Controls among Depression Trials with a Blinded Rater.

*<p>Percentage symptom reduction values are weighted by number of patients per treatment arm for each active intervention and control for 56 blinded depression treatment trials with 171 treatment arms enrolling 6,227 patients.</p><p>Bolded text represents four active depression treatments. Italic text represents the four treatment controls.</p><p>k = number of treatment arms for each therapy type.</p><p>Probability values show the statistical significance of comparisons between the treatment or control on the vertical access versus treatment or control on the horizontal access.</p><p>NS = Not Significant.</p>a<p>Combination antidepressant therapy versus other treatments and controls.</p>b<p>Antidepressant therapy versus other treatments and controls.</p>c<p>Psychotherapy versus other treatments and controls.</p>d<p>Alternative therapy versus treatment controls.</p>e<p>Active intervention control versus treatment as usual and waiting-list controls.</p>f<p>Placebo versus other treatment controls.</p>g<p>Treatment as usual versus waiting list control.</p><p>Analysis of Variance F Value (163 df) = 11.99, p<0.001, statistical significance determined with Tukey’s Post Hoc Test of Least Significant Difference.</p

Process of Exclusion of Trials Identified During Search of Depression Treatment Reviews and Analyses, and the Website by Cuijpers and Colleagues.

<p>Process of Exclusion of Trials Identified During Search of Depression Treatment Reviews and Analyses, and the Website by Cuijpers and Colleagues.</p

Mean Percentage Symptom Reduction from Un-blinded and Blinded Treatment Arms from Published Depression Trials Compared to Data from Pivotal Registration Depression Trials as Reported by the FDA.

<p>Red Bars Represent Un-Blinded Trial Arms Blue Bars Represent Blinded Trial Arms Yellow Represents Placebo Control Arms from Published Non-Registration trials Green Bars Represent Data from Pivotal Registration Trials The mean percentage symptom reduction was weighted by the number of assigned patients. Error Bars Represent 95% Confidence Intervals. Active treatment arms consist of combination antidepressant + therapy, antidepressants, psychotherapy, antidepressant therapy and alternative therapy. Control treatment arms consisted of placebo control, active intervention control, treatment-as-usual and waiting-list control. Blinded trials were operationally defined as those that utilized depression symptom raters that were blinded to treatment assignment of the patients.</p

Summary Data from Depression Treatment Trials Based on Type of Treatment and Source of Data.

<p>Specific names of treatment arms for accepted depression treatments and treatment controls are shown as Appendix B.</p

Percentage Symptom Reduction with Active Treatments and Controls among Depression Trials with an Un-blinded Rater.

*<p>Percentage symptom reduction values are weighted by number of patients per treatment arm for each active intervention and control for 59 un-blinded depression treatment trials with 157 treatment arms enrolling 4,083 patients.</p><p>Bolded text represents four active depression treatments. Italic text represents three treatment controls.</p><p>k = number of treatment arms for each therapy type.</p><p>Probability values show the statistical significance of comparisons between the treatment or control on the vertical access versus treatment or control on the horizontal access.</p><p>NS = Not Significant.</p>a<p>Combination antidepressant therapy versus other treatments and controls.</p>b<p>Antidepressant therapy versus other treatments and controls.</p>c<p>Psychotherapy versus other treatments and controls.</p>d<p>Alternative therapy versus treatment controls.</p>e<p>Active intervention control versus treatment as usual and waiting-list controls.</p>f<p>Treatment as usual versus waiting list control.</p><p>Analysis of Variance F Value (150 df) = 28.9, p<0.001, statistical significance determined with Tukey’s Post Hoc Test of Least Significant Difference.</p

Distribution of TPQ Reward Dependence Scores in Female Dancers and Nondancers/Nonathletes

<p>Distribution of TPQ Reward Dependence Scores in Female Dancers and Nondancers/Nonathletes</p

Distribution of TAS in Female Dancers and Nondancers/Nonathletes

<p>Distribution of TAS in Female Dancers and Nondancers/Nonathletes</p

Epistatic Interaction between <i>AVPR1a</i> and <i>SLC6A4</i> Contributes to the Creative Dance Phenotype

<p>Promoter region polymorphisms in the AVPR1a receptor region possibly contribute to regional differences in brain arginine receptor 1a expression patterns [<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.0010042#pgen-0010042-b42" target="_blank">42</a>]. Vasopressin release, and subsequent AVPR1a receptor activation, is partially regulated by serotonin (5-HT) [<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.0010042#pgen-0010042-b28" target="_blank">28</a>]. 5-HT is removed from the synapse by the serotonin transporter <i>(SLC6A4),</i> which plays a major role in regulation of synaptic levels of this neurotransmitter. In turn, synaptic <i>SLC6A4</i> mRNA and protein levels are controlled in part by the presence or absence of a promoter region 44-bp insertion/deletion [<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.0010042#pgen-0010042-b19" target="_blank">19</a>]. Subjects with polymorphic variants of these two genes are therefore predicted to show differences in serotonergic and vasopressin tone that contribute to differences in higher psychological constructs including TPQ Reward Dependence (associated with <i>AVPR1a</i> and <i>AVPR1a</i> × <i>SLC6A4</i> gene × gene interaction) and TAS (associated with <i>SLC6A4</i> and <i>AVPR1a</i> × <i>SLC6A4</i> gene × gene interaction). Dancers score high on these two personality constructs, suggesting the hypothesis that the association between <i>AVPR1a</i> and <i>SLC6A4</i> polymorphisms and dancing is likely mediated by the action of these two genes primarily on social communication (measured by TPQ Reward Dependence scores) and spirituality (measured by TAS scores). Similar to genes contributing to other complex traits, there are no “dancing” genes but rather common polymorphisms that contribute to simpler endophenotypes [<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.0010042#pgen-0010042-b77" target="_blank">77</a>], such as TPQ Reward Dependence and TAS, that constitute some of the critical psychological underpinnings of the dance phenotype.</p