Prevalence, Symptomatology and Herbal Management of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is multi-organ syndrome that affects 6–25% of females during reproductive age. It disrupts normal hormone levels of females and affects adrenal hormone and sex hormones along with pituitary hormones including adrenocorticotropic, growth hormone and gonadotropins hormones. It results in several secondary characteristics in females such as infertility, hormonal imbalance, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, obesity and hirsutism. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is associated with mental and reproductive disorder and almost 4–18% mature female students are affected by polycystic ovarian syndrome. Female affected by polycystic ovarian syndrome have increased risk of infertility, ovarian cancer, skin problems and psychological problems such as anxiety, depression and changes in sleep along with mood swings. This chapter discusses the Prevalence, Symptomatology and Management of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. For the management of PCOS, the role of some medicinal plants including Asparagus racemosus, Tinospora cordifolia, Foeniculum vulgare, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Actaea racemosa, and Lepidium meyenii have also been discussed in addition to other treatment modalities. The literature data was searched out and compiled using relevant original research articles and reviews published and indexed in Google Scholar, Scientific Information Database, Elsevier, PubMed and Science Direct

Silver nanoparticle conjugation with thiopyridine exhibited potent antibacterial activity against escherichia coli and further enhanced by copper capping

Background: Nanomaterials-based antibacterial agents are anticipated as future generation antibiotics. Silver nanoparticles are promising candidates to enhance the antibacterial effects of antibiotic drugs and lead compounds. Pyridine compounds and thiol moieties are important classes of pharmacophores that are part of many drugs used against numerous diseases; therefore, we conjugated synthetic thiopyridine (ThPy) with silver nanoparticles.Objectives: The study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial potential of ThPy and the effects of silver nanoparticles conjugation with it and to explore the synergistic effects of other metal ions.Methods: Using formyl pyridine reaction with dibromopropane, N-alkylated product was obtained. Bromo group was substituted by thioacetate nucleophile resulting in the formation of thiopyridine (ThPy). Thiopyridine was used to stabilize silver nanoparticles synthesized by one-phase reduction. Silver nanoparticle-conjugated thiopyridine (ThPy-AgNPs) showed typical surface plasmon resonance band, while atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed size and morphology of spherical polydispersed nanoconjugates of 60 nm.Results: Antibacterial properties of synthesized cationic compound thiopyridine was enhanced by conjugation with silver nanoparticles. Moreover, we presented a new strategy in which thiopyridine-AgNP nanoconjugates’ affinity towards copper ions is utilized to further enhance antibacterial activity of nanoconjugates. ThPy-AgNPs exhibited more inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli (MIC of 100 µg/mL compared to 200 µg/mL with ThPy). Nanoconjugates showed selective affinity for Cu(I) ions to cross the E. coli membrane.Conclusions: The addition of Cu(I) ions with ThPy-AgNPs has a synergistic effect on the activity of nanoconjugates against E. coli. Atomic force microscopy is proved to be an excellent choice to study the morphological changes occurring during the antibacterial process

4,4-Nitrophenoxyaniline derived Azo ester: Structural elucidation, DFT simulation, and DNA interactional studies via wet and in silico methods

A new ester namely,1-((4-(4-nitrophenoxy)phenyl)diazenyl)biphenyl benzoate, has been synthesized by esterification reaction between reported nitro terminated azo alcohol and benzoyl chloride. Complete structural elucidation of the synthesized ester was done by different spectroscopic techniques including (FT-IR), (Proton and Carbon-13 NMR), (UV/VIS) spectroscopy, and single-crystal XRD analysis and cyclic voltammetry. XRD structural elucidation revealed the ester 1a to be in Triclinic crystal system with P-1 space groups, showing two-dimensional supramolecular structure, involving only one intermolecular interaction between O4-O9...H9. DFT simulations were also performed to illustrate structural ramification of synthesized ester. Further, Drug DNA interaction was used to determine the biological significance of the produced ester. UV-VIS spectroscopy, hydrodynamic measurement, and molecular docking were used to determine the preferred binding mode of interaction of the synthesized ester with Salmon Sperm (SS) DNA and found that molecule interacts in groove binding fashion with DNA molecule. 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Synthesis of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine propylthioacetate coated gold nanoparticles and their antibacterial and photophysical activity

BackgroundGold nanoparticles are useful candidate for drug delivery applications and are associated with enhancement in the bioavailability of coated drugs and/or therapeutic agent. Since, heterocyclic compounds are known to exhibit antimicrobial potential against variety of pathogens, we designed this study to evaluate the antibacterial effects of gold nanoparticles conjugation with new synthesized cationic ligand; 4-Dimethyl aminopyridinium propylthioacetate (DMAP-PTA) in comparison with pure compound and antibiotic drug Pefloxacin. Antibacterial activity of DMAP-PTA coated gold nanoparticles was investigated against a fecal strain of E. coli (ATCC 8739).ResultsA new dimethyl aminopyridine based stabilizing agent named as DMAP-PTA was synthesized and used for stabilization of gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles coated with DMAP-PTA abbreviated as DMAP-PTA-AuNPs were thoroughly characterized by UV–visible, FT-IR spectroscopic methods and transmission electron microscope before biological assay. DMAP-PTA, DMAP-PTA-AuNPs and Pefloxacin were examined for their antibacterial potential against E. coli, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined to be 300, 200 and 50 µg/mL respectively. Gold nanoparticles conjugation was found to significantly enhance the antibacterial activity of DMAP-PTA as compared to pure compound. Moreover, effects of DMAP-PTA-AuNPs on the antibacterial potential of Pefloxacin was also evaluated by combination therapy of 1:1 mixture of DMAP-PTA-AuNPs and Pefloxacin against E. coli in a wide range of concentrations from 5 to 300 µg/mL. The MIC of Pefloxacin + DMAP-PTA-AuNPs mixture was found to be 25 µg/mL as compared to Pefloxacin alone (50 µg/mL), which clearly indicates that DMAP-PTA-AuNPs increased the potency of Pefloxacin. AFM analysis was also carried out to show morphological changes occur in bacteria before and after treatment of test samples. Furthermore, DMAP-PTA-AuNPs showed high selectivity towards Pefloxacin in spectrophotometric drug recognition studies which offers tremendous potential for analytical applications.ConclusionsGold nanoparticles conjugation was shown to enhance the antibacterial efficacy of DMAP-PTA ligand, while DMAP-PTA-AuNPs also induced synergistic effects on the potency of Pefloxacin against E. coli. DMAP-PTA-AuNPs were also developed as Pefloxacin probes in recognizing the drug in blood and water samples in the presence of other drugs

Synthesis of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine propylthioacetate coated gold nanoparticles and their antibacterial and photophysical activity

BackgroundGold nanoparticles are useful candidate for drug delivery applications and are associated with enhancement in the bioavailability of coated drugs and/or therapeutic agent. Since, heterocyclic compounds are known to exhibit antimicrobial potential against variety of pathogens, we designed this study to evaluate the antibacterial effects of gold nanoparticles conjugation with new synthesized cationic ligand; 4-Dimethyl aminopyridinium propylthioacetate (DMAP-PTA) in comparison with pure compound and antibiotic drug Pefloxacin. Antibacterial activity of DMAP-PTA coated gold nanoparticles was investigated against a fecal strain of E. coli (ATCC 8739).ResultsA new dimethyl aminopyridine based stabilizing agent named as DMAP-PTA was synthesized and used for stabilization of gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles coated with DMAP-PTA abbreviated as DMAP-PTA-AuNPs were thoroughly characterized by UV–visible, FT-IR spectroscopic methods and transmission electron microscope before biological assay. DMAP-PTA, DMAP-PTA-AuNPs and Pefloxacin were examined for their antibacterial potential against E. coli, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined to be 300, 200 and 50 µg/mL respectively. Gold nanoparticles conjugation was found to significantly enhance the antibacterial activity of DMAP-PTA as compared to pure compound. Moreover, effects of DMAP-PTA-AuNPs on the antibacterial potential of Pefloxacin was also evaluated by combination therapy of 1:1 mixture of DMAP-PTA-AuNPs and Pefloxacin against E. coli in a wide range of concentrations from 5 to 300 µg/mL. The MIC of Pefloxacin + DMAP-PTA-AuNPs mixture was found to be 25 µg/mL as compared to Pefloxacin alone (50 µg/mL), which clearly indicates that DMAP-PTA-AuNPs increased the potency of Pefloxacin. AFM analysis was also carried out to show morphological changes occur in bacteria before and after treatment of test samples. Furthermore, DMAP-PTA-AuNPs showed high selectivity towards Pefloxacin in spectrophotometric drug recognition studies which offers tremendous potential for analytical applications.ConclusionsGold nanoparticles conjugation was shown to enhance the antibacterial efficacy of DMAP-PTA ligand, while DMAP-PTA-AuNPs also induced synergistic effects on the potency of Pefloxacin against E. coli. DMAP-PTA-AuNPs were also developed as Pefloxacin probes in recognizing the drug in blood and water samples in the presence of other drugs

MOESM1 of Synthesis of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine propylthioacetate coated gold nanoparticles and their antibacterial and photophysical activity

Additional file 1: Figure S1. (a) Effect of temperature on the stability of DMAP-PTA-AuNPs (Blue curve: Spectrum recorded at 25 °C, Red curve: Spectrum recorded at 100 °C) (b) Salt aggregation study of DMAP-PTA-AuNPs. Figure S2. FT-IR spectrum of (a) ligand DMAP-PTA (b) DMAP-PTA-AuNPs (c) DMAP-PTA-AuNPs + Pefloxacin complex. Figure S3. Effect of competing drugs on Pefloxacin response of DMAP-PTA-AuNPs

Improving curcumin bactericidal potential against multi-drug resistant bacteria via its loading in polydopamine coated zinc-based metal–organic frameworks

AbstractMulti-drug resistant (MDR) bactearial strains have posed serious health issues, thus leading to a significant increase in mortality, morbidity, and the expensive treatment of infections. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), comprising metal ions and a variety of organic ligands, have been employed as an effective drug deliveryy vehicle due to their low toxicity, biodegradability, higher structural integrity and diverse surface functionalities. Polydopamine (PDA) is a versatile biocompatible polymer with several interesting properties, including the ability to adhere to biological surfaces. As a result, modifying drug delivery vehicles with PDA has the potential to improve their antimicrobial properties. This work describes the preparation of PDA-coated Zn-MOFs for improving curcumin’s antibacterial properties against S. aureus and E. coli. Powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD), FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and DLS were utilized to characterize PDA-coated Zn-MOFs. The curcumin loading and in vitro release of the prepared MOFs were also examined. Finally, the MOFs were tested for bactericidal ability against E. coli and S. aureus using an anti-bacterial assay and surface morphological analysis. Smaller size MOFs were capable of loading and releasing curcumin. The findings showed that as curcumin was encapsulated into PDA-coated MOFs, its bactericidal potential was significantly enhanced, and the findings were further supported by SEM which indicated the complete morphological distortion of the bacteria after treatment with PDA-Cur-Zn-MOFs. These studies clearly indicate that the PDA-Cur-Zn-MOFs developed in this study are extremely promising for long-term release of drugs to treat a wide range of microbial infections