CROATIA. Risks and Opportunities Related to Media and Journalism Studies (2000–2020). Case Study on the National Research and Monitoring Capabilities.

Croatian media and communication studies have a long history dating from the 1960s in socialist Yugoslavia. The growth and advances of the field started strongly after 2000. The analysis of the Croatian corpus of published research between 2000 and 2020 has identified more than 400 literature sources useful for further research of the ROs domains of Journalism, Legal and ethical domain, Media usage domain, and Media-related competencies domain. The largest corpus is in the Journalism domain, testifying to the origins of the Croatian media and communication discipline, followed by the Legal and ethical domain. Audience research started to be seriously developed after 2011, and the research on Media-related competencies domain was almost nonexistent before 2011. While the number of publications in these two domains is smaller, a higher quality and international character of this research might offset its smaller number. The aim of this case study is to give an overview of published literature and other data sources in Croatia in the four domains that are seen as presenting risks or opportunities for deliberative communication: Legal and ethical domain, Journalism domain, Media usage domain, and Mediarelated competencies domain. The report is based on published studies (national and international) and reports, and provides information on data collections and research methodologies. The report also includes an analysis of research resources: expertise, financing and position of research and data collecting units, with the aim of assessing the quality of research, the institutionalization of the academic discipline(s) necessary for their study, and the resulting national research capabilities to monitor the four domains with respect to the relevant time frame of 2000–2020

CROATIA. Critical junctures in the media transformation process.

The present study details the critical junctures in the transformations of risks and opportunities in the four domains of media systems – the Legal and ethical environment, Journalism, Media usage, and Media-related competencies domain – that are expected to contribute to or deter from deliberative communication. Study includes a background chapter on social and political changes that influenced the four key domains Croatia. The study is based on the literature and other data sources identified in Case study 1 “Risks and Opportunities Related to Media and Journalism Studies (2000–2020). Case Study on National Research and Monitoring Capabilities”, but goes beyond it by offering an in-depth analyses of changes within each domain and identifying the actors behind them. Legal framework in Croatia is in most respects in accordance with European standards, but a degree of conflicting legislation exists regarding defamation offences. Frequent legislative changes (although most without a change of direction) show that a coherent policy-led system has not yet materialized. Evidence of hybridity of the media system is seen in media and related practices, which take place in a diverse yet highly concentrated media system, most similar to the Mediterranean polarized pluralist media system model from the Hallin and Mancini (2004) typology. Media-related competencies and media literacy appear to be higher in some areas and population groups than in others. Journalism market is diverse although subject to economic constrictions as well as pressures on journalists in the form of many SLAPP lawsuits

Structure and surface composition of NiCr sputtered thin films

Thin films of nichrome were deposited by d.c. sputtering of a target (80%Ni 20%Cr w.t) by Ar+ions at a working pressure of 10-1 Pa and at room temperature. The phase composition and grain size were studied by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), while the surface chemical composition was determined by Low Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS). Analysis of phase composition showed that the NiCr thin films were a solid solution of chromium in a nickel matrix with increased nickel lattice parameters. LEIS analysis showed the presence of Ni Cr and O in the first atomic layer. There is a strong suspicion that surface passivation occurred by forming Cr2O3 oxide at the surface

Ion beam modification of TiN thin films - a study of the induced microstructural changes

15th International Conference : IBMM : September 18-22, 2006, Sam Domenico, Taormina, Italy

Effects of helium ion irradiation on bubble formation in AlN/TiN multilayered system

The effects of helium ion irradiation on immiscible AlN/TiN multilayered system were studied. The structure consisted of 30 alternate AlN (similar to 8 nm) and TiN (similar to 9.3 nm) layers of a total thickness around 260 nm, deposited on (100) Si substrates by reactive sputtering. The system was then implanted with 30 keV He+ to very high irradiation doses, 1-4 x 10(17) ions/cm(2). Evaluated projected ion range was 153.1 +/- 45.4 nm and maximum displacements per atom for the applied doses from 6 to 24. It was found that the multilayers remained well separated and stable after irradiation to 1 x 10(17) ions/cm(2), which introduces up to 10 at.% of He within the structure. The main effects were agglomeration of He bubbles around the projected ion range, mostly concentrated at the AlN edges of the interfaces, and a slight increase of the mean grain size within the affected zone. Increasing of the ion dose induced further agglomeration of bubbles, splitting of the layers at the interfaces, and final destruction of the structure. The evaluated He content was consistent with the implanted dose up to 2 x 10(17) ions/cm(2). For the highest dose the implanted gas is partially released from the structure. The results can be interesting towards the development of radiation tolerant materials. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.16th International Conference on Thin Films (ICTF), Oct 13-16, 2014, Dubrovnik, Croati

Laser-induced surface oxidation of (Ni/Ti)/Si system with picosecond laser pulses

The surface oxidation of Ni/Ti bilayer, deposited on silicon substrate, affected by picosecond Nd: YAG laser radiation has been investigated. Fluence close to the target ablation threshold and multi-pulse laser irradiation regime were applied. Changes in the chemical composition of the formed surface oxide layer were studied by Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Morphological features analysis, at the oxide surface layer, was monitored, too. Laser modification as-deposited (Ni/Ti)/Si sample with 10 pulses induces a progressed interaction between Ni and Ti layers with the initial surface oxidation and formation of NiTi alloy phase. Progressed intermixing of components was achieved for the irradiation with 50 and more pulses, when all components were quite uniformly distributed to a depth of about 80 nm. An oxide layer was formed at the surface, with the specific combination of the oxide phases depending on the number of accumulated pulses. Changes in the morphological characteristics are reflected in the increase of the mean surface roughness and the generation of a certain number of cavities. These features are decreased with increasing number of pulses, caused by the surface melting and a pronounced mobility of the materials. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Chemical and structural modifications of laser treated WTi surfaces at different ambient conditions

In this work we have studied the influence of laser modification on the composition and structure of tungsten titanium (WTi) thin films, deposited on n-type (100) silicon wafers. After deposition, the samples were multi-pulse laser irradiated in a nitrogen, oxygen, and helium ambient. The composition of the WTi/Si sample was determined by Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA). Surface morphology was monitored by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). In the experiment, typical laser output parameters were: wavelength 1064 nm, pulse duration 150 ps, and laser pulse energy 30 mJ. Surface concentrations of W and Ti, as well as the concentration of gas components nitrogen and oxygen were determinated before and after the action of laser radiation in different ambient conditions. The contents of W and Ti decreased after irradiation due to adsorbed gases from the surrounding atmosphere. After surface irradiation in the inert ambient (He), the concentrations of the components were not significantly changed. In other cases, oxygen was the dominant component at the surface, probably due to the high affinity of thin film components. Also, the morphological changes occurred at the surface of WTi, as an increase in the surface roughness and formation of the granular structures are a result of laser-induced surface oxidation and recrystallization.International Conference on Advanced Laser Technologies (ALT10), Sep 11-16, 2010, Egmond aan Zee, Netherland

Laser irradiation of nano-metric Al/Ti multilayers

Multilayered 5x(Al/Ti) structures, deposited on a Si substrate to a total thickness of 130 nm, were treated by unfocused Nd:YAG laser pulses (150 ps) with energies of 85 and 65 mJ. Irradiations were performed in air with 10, 50 and 100 successive laser pulses. Characterizations were done by using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results obtained show that laser irradiation, at either energy, induced almost full intermixing of deposited layers and formation of intermetallic compounds, but this was more pronounced for the applied laser pulses with a higher energy. The intermixed layer-silicon interface remains intact for all numbers of applied laser pulses and for both energies. The formation of an oxide layer on the sample surfaces was also observed, the thickness of which is greater for the higher laser beam energy

Laser-induced periodic structure on Ti and Ti/Al thin films for photocatalytic application

Modification of single titanium and complex titanium-aluminium samples by laser processing in the femtosecond time domain is unexplored field. This work included a study of the effects caused by changes in the composition and morphology of the compact Ti thin film and multilayer Ti/5x(Al/Ti) structure. Titanium and its oxides have specific physical, chemical and mechanical properties, such as high corrosion resistance, good stability, high strength and porosity. Titanium−oxide materials in different types and forms have shown great potential as ideal and powerful photocatalysts for various significant reactions due to their chemical stability, nontoxicity, and high reactivity. Laser surface modification allows production of active surface with formation of the desired oxide, creation of nano/micro textures and change wettability of the surface. The samples were processed by focused an Yb:KGW laser beam with 1026 nm central wavelength, 170 fs pulse duration and repetition rate of 1 kHz. The laser-induced morphological and composition modifications have shown dependence on applied intensities and number of laser pulses. The formed surface nanostructures on the Ti and Ti/Al thin film surface (5x5 mm) are obtained in scanning regime. The results show an increase in surface roughness, formation of parallel periodic surface structures, appearance of hydrodynamic features and ablation of surface material. At low pulse energies range (not over 0.01 mJ) and effective 50 pulses, the two types of LIPSS can be observed: low and high spatial frequency LIPSS (HSFL and LSFL). The low spatial frequency LIPSS (LSFL), oriented perpendicular to the laser polarization with periods slightly lower than the irradiation wavelength, was typically formed. The laser-induced surface oxidation was analysed by Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) in the subsurface part of the investigated samples, which indicates formation Ti-oxide and mixture of Al- and Ti-oxide in the case of multilayer structure. Photocatalytic degradation rate on the laser irradiated surface of Ti and Ti/Al thin films was compared with unmodified samples. The rate of photo-degradation was associated with changes in structure of Ti-oxide and in increasing of surface roughness with formation of periodic structure.VI International School and Conference on Photonics and COST actions: MP1406 and MP1402 : PHOTONICA2017 : program and the book of abstracts; August 23 - September 1, 2017; Belgrad