Psychosocial Treatment of Children in Foster Care: A Review

A substantial number of children in foster care exhibit psychiatric difficulties. Recent epidemiologi-cal and historical trends in foster care, clinical findings about the adjustment of children in foster care, and adult outcomes are reviewed, followed by a description of current approaches to treatment and extant empirical support. Available interventions for these children can be categorized as either symptom-focused or systemic, with empirical support for specific methods ranging from scant to substantial. Even with treatment, behavioral and emotional problems often persist into adulthood, resulting in poor functional outcomes. We suggest that self-regulation may be an important mediat-ing factor in the appearance of emotional and behavioral disturbance in these children

The rôle of the nucleolus in ribonucleic acid- and protein synthesis. II. Amino acid incorporation into normal and nucleolar inactivated hela cells

The kinetics of incorporation of amino acids into the different parts of growing HeLa cells indicate that the process begins at a comparable rate in the nucleolus, in the rest of the nucleus, and in the cytoplasm. Therefore there seems in our circumstances to be no direct relationship between nucleoside uptake and amino acid uptake. If the nucleolus is irradiated with a u.v. microbeam, with a dose such as to inhibit almost completely cytidine incorporation, a partial effect (30% inhibition) on amino acid uptake in this organelle only becomes apparent after a period of incubation of 6 h. In these conditions there is no change in amino acid incorporation into the rest of the nucleus, but there is a 30% drop in amino acid incorporation into the cytoplasm, indicating some remote control of the nucleolus on cytoplasmic protein metabolism. © 1961.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

The role of the nucleolus in ribonucleic acid- and protein synthesis. I. Incorporation of cytidine into normal and nucleolar inactivated hela cells

Nucleoli of HeLa cells growing in tissue culture were selectively irradiated with an u.v. microbeam and the subsequent incorporation of [3H]cytidine into the ribonucleic acid of the nucleolus, extra-nucleolar parts of the nucleus, and the cytoplasm, was studied by autoradiography. Comparison with cells containing normal nucleoli revealed that approximately 2 3 of the cytoplasmic incorporation is directly dependent on the nucleolus, but that less than 1 3 of the incorporation into extra-nucleolar parts of the nucleus is dependent on the nucleolus. These results when combined with quantitative kinetic studies of cytidine incorporation strongly support the hypothesis that a major part of the ribonucleic acid of the cytoplasm is synthesized in the nucleolus. © 1961.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Kinetics of nucleoside incorporation into nuclear and cytoplasmic rna

HeLa and conjunctiva tissue culture cells were incubated for various intervals with tritiated nucleosides and the incorporation into RNA was localized in different parts of the cell by means of autoradiography. In order to obtain quantitative measurements of incorporation from grain count data the influence of cell geometry on the absorption of the tritium/3 ray was considered. Relative correction factors, E = g/g*, relating an idealized grain count in the absence of absorption, g, to the actual grain count, g*, were derived for the different cell compartments. For the average HeLa cell the factors for the nucleolus, n, non-nucleolar parts of the nucleus, N, and the cytoplasm, C, are in the ratio En/EN/ Ee = 2.3/1.6/1.0. The kinetics of incorporation for cytidine and adenosine are similar. The n and N curves are characterized by a rapid rise and early saturation, whereas the C curves show an appreciable lag and no evidence of saturation for intervals as long as one generation time. Estimates of the relative amounts of RNA in each compartment were obtained from ultraviolet micro absorption measurements and used together with the kinetic data to calculate specific activities. For incubation periods of short duration the ratio of specific activities n/N for cytidine is approximately twice that for adenosine. Three hypotheses for the mechanism of ribonucleoside incorporation and RNA synthesis are discussed, and arguments favoring a transport of RNA or an RNA by-product from the nucleus and nucleolus to the cytoplasm are presented. © 1961, Rockefeller University Press. All rights reserved.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe