Influence of Lobesia botrana field control on black aspergilli rot and ochratoxin A contamination in grapes.

The grape berry moth Lobesia botrana is a key pest in vineyards in southern Europe. Damage caused by L. botrana larvae may encourage growth of black aspergilli, leading to ochratoxin A (OTA) accumulation in grapes. Field trials were conducted during three grape growing seasons (2005 through 2007) in Apulia, Italy, to evaluate an insecticide control strategy for L. botrana in the vineyard as an indirect method of reducing OTA contamination by reducing black aspergilli on the grapes. In the 2005 field trials, the insecticide treatment controlled attacks by L. botrana larvae and reduced OTA concentrations by up to 66% in the must samples of Negroamaro and Primitivo grape varieties. Significant differences (P < or = 0.05) also were observed in the incidence of black aspergilli. Environmental conditions in 2006 and 2007 resulted in a natural low level of infestation by L. botrana, low levels of OTA in both treated and untreated samples, and no significant differences between treated and nontreated samples. The results of our field study confirm previous reports that L. botrana is an important risk factor for OTA accumulation and are consistent with the hypothesis that controlling L. botrana in vineyards reduces OTA concentrations in grapes

Geological and geophysical characterization of the Brindisi di Montagna Scalo landslide (Basilicata, Southern Italy)

The Brindisi di Montagna Scalo Landslide in Southern Italy is an active complex mass movement, which affects the left slope of the Basento River. In the last few decades, this landslide has been continuously monitored, as it directly threatened some of the most important communication routes in the Basilicata Region. Nevertheless, little progresses have been made to prevent further landslide advancement, and continuous maintenance is required. With the aims of better understanding, the main factors controlling the evolution of this landslide, and suggesting the most appropriate countermeasures, a multidisciplinary study, based on the integration of direct and indirect techniques, was carried out. Direct techniques included multi-temporal geomorphological analysis of the slope, alongside geological and structural field observations. Indirect techniques consisted of electrical resistivity tomography acquisition. The combined analyses of the geological and geophysical data showed that Quaternary tectonic processes played a fundamental role as a predisposing factor, whereas seasonal rainfall, and the perpetual undercutting by erosional processes caused by the Basento River at the toe of the landslide are the main triggering mechanisms. The Brindisi di Montagna Scalo Landslide represents an outstanding case-study, concerning the interaction between a flow-like complex landslide and essential linear infrastructure, such as motorways and railways

Inguino-abdominal combined approach for laterally extended pelvic resection: a step by step procedure

This video article demonstrates an inguino-abdominal combined approach for laterally extended pelvic resection, a major surgical procedure for locally advanced primary or recurrent gynecological cancer infiltrating the pelvic sidewall, for which palliative therapy is the only alternative.1 After local institutional review board approval (protocol No CICOG 02/03/62), we made a step by step surgical video of an inguino-abdominal combined approach for laterally extended pelvic resection , defined as an en bloc resection of a pelvic tumor with pelvic sidewall structures, including the iliopsoas and/or obturator internus muscles.2 3 The patient, a 48-year-old woman, diagnosed with single pelvic platinum resistant recurrence after five lines of chemotherapy for serous ovarian cancer G3, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IIIC, BRCA wild type. The preoperative positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan detected uptake on the right side at the level of the external iliac region and obturator fossa: the tumor surrounded the right external iliac vessels by more than 50% of their circumferences, with possible involvement of the vascular wall and venous vascular compression (Tinelli's score=4).4 The tumor extended towards the obturator fossa, with possible involvement of the inguinal canal. Due to an uncertain pathological response, the size of the recurrence, and its close contiguity with the ureter and bowel, we decided to avoid radiation therapy as it could result in a ureteral or intestinal fistula. We performed a laterally extended pelvic resection, as shown step by step in the video.The procedure was conducted until complete removal of recurrence (R0). Estimated blood loss was 1000 mL and total operative time was 240 min. The patient was discharged after 15 days; we reported a urinary infection, a likely postoperative complication. The pathology report described a lymphnodal relapse of ovarian cancer (diameter=6 cm) with infiltration of surrounding tissue and in the sano margins. Six months after surgery, the patient is alive without evidence of relapse.The borders of pelvic surgical anatomy are continually extending, requiring surgeons to use a personalized approach and to continually update their anatomic knowledge. In this context, laterally extended pelvic resection could be a feasible surgical procedure, representing a salvage treatment in recurrent or persistent primary gynecological malignancies infiltrating the pelvic sidewall, when other approaches have failed. However, additional clinical trials are needed to confirm these results.

Oral 24% sucrose associated with nonnutritive sucking for pain control in healthy term newborns receiving venipuncture beyond the first week of life

Objective: To test the hypothesis that oral administration of 24% sucrose associated with nonnutritive sucking in healthy newborns receiving venipuncture beyond the first week of life controls pain and pain-related variation in heart rate (HR) and noninvasive oxygen saturation (SpO2). Methods: A total of 66 term newborns were enrolled between February and September 2017 in the Neonatology Department of AORN Santobono-Pausilipon, Naples. They were randomly assigned to receive oral 1 mL 24% sucrose (treated group [TG], n=33; gestational age 38.53±1.49 weeks; body weight 3,035±55 g; age 22.40±6.82 weeks) or oral 1 mL 10% glucose (control group [CG], n=33; gestational age 38.91±1.45 weeks; body weight 3,203±65 g; age 23.36±7.02 weeks) 1 minute before and during venipuncture. Evaluations were carried out between 8 and 9 am in all newborns. The Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) was used to assess pain in newborns. Outcome measurements (HR, SpO2) were obtained before (T0), during (T1), and 1 minute after (T2) venipuncture using a Nellcor bedside SpO2 patient-monitoring system. NIPS scores were recorded throughout the procedure. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0. Changes in HR and SpO2 were assessed by mixed ANOVA for repeated measures. NIPS scores were evaluated by Mann–Whitney U test. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in HR or SpO2 between TG and CG at T0. HR was significantly lower in TG than CG at both T1 and T2 (P<0.05), whereas SpO2 was significantly higher in TG than CG at both T1 and T2 (P<0.05). NIPS scores were significantly lower in TG (median 0) than CG (median 6) during the entire procedure (P<0.05). Conclusion: Oral administration of 24% sucrose associated with nonnutritive sucking prior to and during a painful procedure has a strong impact on pain response in term newborns, reducing NIPS scores and influencing pain-associated variations in HR and SpO2. Complete analgesia during painful procedures in term newborns might prevent pain reactivity and its behavioral and neurodevelopmental consequences. Replication of this study is needed before widespread application of findings

Pd-catalyzed Reductions in Deep Eutectic Solvents by Using Aluminum and Water as Hydrogen Source

The reduction of organic functional groups, using metal-catalyzed hydrogenations, is one of the most employed strategy in organic chemistry for the synthesis of both fine and bulk chemicals.[1] Hydrogen is an explosive gas and its production needs extensive energy and generates a considerable amount of carbon dioxide. Therefore, the development of cost-effective reduction methods that use safe reagents, environmentally-friendly solvents and prevent or minimize waste formation represents a challenge of great interest in sustainable chemistry. As part of our ongoing efforts in the discovery of sustainable synthetic methodologies,[2] an alternative and safe palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation reaction in Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) is here described.[3] The use of aluminum powder in combination with water and a base in DESs, results in an environmentally-responsible system for the controlled in-situ generation of hydrogen. Our optimized protocol is effective for the reduction of a wide range of functional groups, containing C–C, C–N, C–O, N–O multiple bonds as well as for the dearomatization of (hetero)aromatic compounds, and leads to the desired products in yield up-to 99%. The simplicity, cost, tunability, scalability and the environmentally benign character of both catalytic system and DESs, offer numerous advantages over the currently available methods that employ external and dangerous H2 source and harsh, volatile organic solvents

Submicron pattern transfer to binary semiconductors via micromolding in capillaries

We report on the high-resolution patterning of III–V semiconductors through polymeric masks by a soft lithographic technique based on micromolding in capillaries. The basic study of the capillarity process and the optimization of the technological steps allowed us to transfer patterns on both GaAs and InP with resolution of 800 nm over areas up to 1 cm2 and of a few microns over areas up to 4 cm2

A Glycerol-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent as Natural Medium and Organic Reductant for Homocoupling of (Hetero)Aryl Chlorides: a Green Route to 2,2’-Bipyridine and Biaryl Scaffolds

A glycerol-based Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) enables the Pd-catalyzed activation of (hetero)arylchlorides and promotes the formation of 2,2’-bipiyridines and biaryls through an Ullmann-type homocoupling in smooth experimental conditions (80 °C) with Ca(OH)2 as a green base and Pd/C as heterogeneous catalyst. Noteworthy, the coupling does not need the addition of external reducing agents, like metals, since the glycerol present in the DES acts as a safe and green organic reductant. The heterogeneous catalytic system (DES-Pd/C) showed to be easily recyclable and has been applied to the sustainable synthesis of the Abametapir drug

Protective effects of melatonin in inflamed intestinal epithelium are associated with reduced NF-κB activation and changes in DNA methylation status

Melatonin is the main product of the pineal gland but is also released in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Production of melatonin at GIT is independent of the photoperiod and contributes almost completely to plasma melatonin concentration during daylight hours. The physiological role of melatonin at GIT is poorly characterized but recently anti-inflammatory effects have been reported. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Melatonin in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) stimulated by Interleukin-1β. Our results clearly show that melatonin at micromolar concentrations inhibits the inflammatory response in IEC. The protective effect is expressed through a marked decrease in release and expression of inflammatory mediators, inhibition of DNA damage, and reduced activation of the NF-κB. Moreover, our results provide evidence that local inhibitor effect of Melatonin can involve an epigenetic mechanism also. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the intake of small amounts of melatonin, comparable with those found in pharmaceutical preparations used for sleep disorders, can also exert beneficial effects to the gastrointestinal physiology