Entre culture et science : l’État, l’innovation et le changement agricole dans la région de Charlevoix, fin XIXe — début XXe

Interventions malhabiles des agents agricoles de l’État et agriculteurs routiniers ont été souvent mentionnés comme explication aux lents progrès de la transformation de l’agriculture dans les dernières décennies du XIXe siècle et les premières du XXe siècle. Mais le problème paraît beaucoup plus complexe, comme le découvrent progressivement les agents de l’État. Ils remarquent que la disponibilité de connaissances nouvelles ne signifie pas leur adoption et que le fait d’innover met aussi en cause des valeurs individuelles et collectives. Commence alors un long cheminement où les intervenants et les institutions agricoles apprennent à composer avec l’univers socio-culturel des agriculteurs.Maladroit interventions by state agicultural agents as well as by routine farmers have often been mentioned as explanations for the slow progress of agricultural change around the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries. But the problem was actually much more complex, as agents of the state progressively discovered. They noticed that the availability of new techniques did not necessarily mean that people adopted them, and that the fact of innovation also brought to bear questions of individual and collective values. Thus began a long period of development in which agricultural workers and institutions learned to get along with the farmers' socio-cultural universe

L'État et le changement agricole dans Charlevoix, 1850-1950

Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 201

Three dimensional evaluation of posture in standing with the PosturePrint: an intra- and inter-examiner reliability study

Abstract Background Few digitizers can measure the complexity of upright human postural displacements in six degrees of freedom of the head, rib cage, and pelvis. Methods In a University laboratory, three examiners performed delayed repeated postural measurements on forty subjects over two days. Three digital photographs (left lateral, AP, right lateral) of each of 40 volunteer participants were obtained, twice, by three examiners. Examiners placed 13 markers on the subjects before photography and chose 16 points on the photographic images. Using the PosturePrint® internet computer system, head, rib cage, and pelvic postures were calculated as rotations (Rx, Ry, Rz) in degrees and translations (Tx, Tz) in millimeters. For reliability, two different types (liberal = ICC3,1 & conservative = ICC2,1) of inter- and intra-examiner correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated. Standard error of measurements (SEM) and mean absolute differences within and between observers' measurements were also determined. Results All of the "liberal" ICCs were in the excellent range (> 0.84). For the more "conservative" type ICCs, four Inter-examiner ICCs were in the interval (0.5–0.6), 10 ICCs were in the interval (0.61–0.74), and the remainder were greater than 0.75. SEMs were 2.7° or less for all rotations and 5.9 mm or less for all translations. Mean absolute differences within examiners and between examiners were 3.5° or less for all rotations and 8.4 mm or less for all translations. Conclusion For the PosturePrint® system, the combined inter-examiner and intra-examiner correlation coefficients were in the good (14/44) and excellent (30/44) ranges. SEMs and mean absolute differences within and between examiners' measurements were small. Thus, this posture digitizer is reliable for clinical use