Baseline characteristics and adherence of individuals commencing iCBT courses for major depression, generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder and social phobia by age.

a<p>Proportion significantly different when compared with the 60+ years age group (after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons).</p

Age distribution of individuals enrolling in the This Way Up Clinic iCBT courses and of those diagnosed with psychiatric disorders in the general population according to the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being (NSMHWB).

<p>Age distribution of individuals enrolling in the This Way Up Clinic iCBT courses and of those diagnosed with psychiatric disorders in the general population according to the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being (NSMHWB).</p

Estimated marginal K10 and WHODAS-II means and results from the marginal model with K10 and WHODAS-II scores as the outcome variables.

<p>Estimated marginal K10 and WHODAS-II means and results from the marginal model with K10 and WHODAS-II scores as the outcome variables.</p

Exercise for Individuals with Lewy Body Dementia: A Systematic Review

<div><p>Background</p><p>Individuals with Lewy body Dementia (LBD), which encompasses both Parkinson disease dementia (PDD) and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) experience functional decline through Parkinsonism and sedentariness exacerbated by motor, psychiatric and cognitive symptoms. Exercise may improve functional outcomes in Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the multi-domain nature of the LBD cluster of symptoms (physical, cognitive, psychiatric, autonomic) results in vulnerable individuals often being excluded from exercise studies evaluating physical function in PD or cognitive function in dementia to avoid confounding results. This review evaluated existing literature reporting the effects of exercise interventions or physical activity (PA) exposure on cluster symptoms in LBD.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A high-sensitivity search was executed across 19 databases. Full-length articles of any language and quality, published or unpublished, that analysed effects of isolated exercise/physical activity on indicative Dementia with Lewy Bodies or PD-dementia cohorts were evaluated for outcomes inclusive of physical, cognitive, psychiatric, physiological and quality of life measures. The protocol for this review (Reg. #: CRD42015019002) is accessible at <a href="http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/" target="_blank">http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/</a>.</p><p>Results</p><p>111,485 articles were initially retrieved; 288 full articles were reviewed and 89.6% subsequently deemed ineligible due to exclusion of participants with co-existence of dementia and Parkinsonism. Five studies (1 uncontrolled trial, 1 randomized controlled trial and 3 case reports) evaluating 16 participants were included. Interventions were diverse and outcome homogeneity was low. Habitual gait speed outcomes were measured in 13 participants and increased (0.18m/s, 95% CI -0.02, 0.38m/s), exceeding moderate important change (0.14m/s) for PD cohorts. Other outcomes appeared to improve modestly in most participants.</p><p>Discussion</p><p>Scarce research investigating exercise in LBD exists. This review confirms exercise studies in PD and dementia consistently exclude LBD participants. Results in this cohort must be treated with caution until robustly designed, larger studies are commissioned to explore exercise efficacy, feasibility and clinical relevance.</p></div

Examplars of automatically segmented hippocampi rated as a) no or minor defects (defects estimated to be smaller than ∼0.5% of total volume) b) moderate defects (∼0.5–5% of total volume), major defects (greater than 5% of total volume).

<p>Examplars of automatically segmented hippocampi rated as a) no or minor defects (defects estimated to be smaller than ∼0.5% of total volume) b) moderate defects (∼0.5–5% of total volume), major defects (greater than 5% of total volume).</p

Cohort Characteristics.

<p>Data reported in brackets as mean standard deviation (SD) or as individual values where appropriate. NR—Not reported, PDD—Parkinson’s disease dementia, DLB—dementia with Lewy bodies, MMSE—Mini-mental State Exam score; ranges from 0—30 with higher scores indicative of better cognitive function, UPDRS—unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale (part I—mentation, II—Activities of daily living, III—motor).</p

Randomly selected 3D models of manually traced (green) and automatically segmented (yellow) hippocampus pairs.

<p>The models were produced using the ITK-Snap software package (<a href="http://www.itksnap.org" target="_blank">www.itksnap.org</a>) for the manual tracings and the Slicer package (<a href="http://www.slicer.org" target="_blank">www.slicer.org</a>) for the automated measures.</p

CARE Criteria: Case report studies.

<p>CARE Criteria: Case report studies.</p

Manual tracing (left) and automated segmentation (right) of the hippocampus showing boundary differences (1 & 6: CSF inclusions; 2 greater subicular/entorhinal inclusion; 4 & 5 greater partial volume inclusion).

<p>Manual tracing (left) and automated segmentation (right) of the hippocampus showing boundary differences (1 & 6: CSF inclusions; 2 greater subicular/entorhinal inclusion; 4 & 5 greater partial volume inclusion).</p

Performance based tests of function.

<p>N/A = not applicable, NR = not reported.</p