Challenges in vitamin D measurement and its role on bone regeneration

Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium homeostasis and is significantly involved in the maintenance of a strong mineralized skeleton, healthy teeth, and bone regeneration. Apart of this main function, the scientific evidence of vitamin D involvement in numerous physiological and pathological processes has been growing, linking deficiencies to systematic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and various infections. Over the last years, it has been made clear that modern lifestyle has been the major contributor to vitamin D deficiency globally and the extended awareness has led to an significant increase in vitamin D levels testing. There is a wide range of available testing methodologies, posing different limitations, such as cross-reactivity, low detection capacity, limited throughput, requirement of highly competent staff. Those result from not only due to assay limitations but also due to the complexity of vitamin D metabolisms and catabolism. With liquid chromatography in tandem with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) still considered the gold standard to vitamin D blood level detection, novel point-of-care technologies emerge aiming to bypass the strong monitored variability between assays. The aim of this review is to discuss the crucial limitations of vitamin D measuring assays regarding accuracy and the important issues to consider when interpreting vitamin D results in the dental office

THE IMPACT OF IMPLANTED BIOMATERIAL TO THE MICROBIOME: Does technology change human or we change technology?

Contemporary medicine is unimaginabile without biotechnological involvment in diagnostic and therapeutic purpouses, but sometimes the discovery and application of new materials go faster then the understanding and adoption of the knowledge about the consequences for our organism. Understanding of biological processes at the microscopycal and molecular level would lead to better integration of biomaterial with human body environment. The primary aim of this review was to evaluate the potential microbiological effect after biomaterial and implant insertions to oral microbiota. The secundary aim was to evaluate if such microbiological shift has any effect to surgical wound-healing, post-implant tissue reaction or rejection of implanted biomaterial. The third aim was to question previous results of similar reviews and studies regarding microbiological role in improving therapeutic responses after biomaterial implantation in dental medicine. A comprehensive systematic search via Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed databases was conducted. The data synthesis showed similar results among clinical studies and several reviews with ambiguous conclusions leaving numerous questions without straight answers. We hypothesized that relationship between host microbiome and biomaterial insertion is mutual, but within the limitations of this review, the interaction between host-oral microbiota and material inset remains uncharted territory

Changes in nutrition type between generations influence on bone structural changes in rat female offspring

Background and Purpose: It is believed that changes in feeding protocol between generations have influence on the balance of the whole organism. Epidemiological studies suggest that skeletal growth is programmed during intrauterine and early postnatal life. The aim of the study was to determinate impact of maternal dietary fat excess and nutrition of female offspring on the bone structural changes in latter. Materials and Methods: Ten female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided in two groups. One group was fed with high content of saturated fatty acid food (HFD) and the other with standard laboratory chow (CD). Offspring from both groups were randomly divided in two subgroups after coupling and lactation period, subsequently there were four groups of offspring (n=6 each) with different feeding protocol: a) CD-CD – control diet mothers and offspring, b) CD-HFD – control diet mothers and high fat diet offspring, c) HFD-CD – high fat diet mothers and control diet offspring and d) HFD-HFD – high fat diet mothers and offspring. At the age of 18 weeks in female offspring bone microstructure was analyzed in fifth lumbar vertebra using digital photographic images. Results and Conclusions: The control diet female offspring of high fat fed mothers showed the highest values of trabecular thickness and trabecular number, while the CD-HFD offspring group had the highest values of trabecular separation and cortical thickness. Maternal nutritional status affects the future development of offspring

Hybrid hydrogels for bioink development and potential use in dental tissue engineering

One of the emerging problems in medicine and dentistry today is how to replace and regenerate damaged tissue. Currently used implants are inert and need to be replaced after a certain period. Therefore, the aim is to develop a bioactive multicomponent material that can promote tissue regeneration. Hydrogels are the focus of research in this field because of their similarity to the natural extracellular matrix and their good biocompatibility. Nevertheless, hydrogels often have insufficient mechanical properties for handling and implantation. Therefore, methods of hydrogel reinforcement are developed by adding at least one phase to obtain hybrid hydrogels. There are various methods to reinforce hydrogels, such as functionalization, interpenetrating networks, nanogels, nano-engineered ionic covalent entanglement, etc. The obtained hybrid hydrogel can be used to develop a bioink, a biocompatible and biodegradable material mixed with cells that has suitable properties for 3D bioprinting. The 3D bioprinting method is used to obtain scaffolds of the desired shape and size. Hybrid hydrogel-based 3D printed scaffolds have shown great potential in biological assessment to promote the regeneration of a variety of tissues

Alveolar ridge augmentation using xenogenic bone graft and resorbable membrane

Bone resorption follows tooth loss and occurs in all three dimensions. Especially in the anterior region of the alveolar ridge, it can be a significant problem. Nevertheless, bone has a significant ability for regeneration due to the dynamic balance of osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity. Therefore, many different biomaterials and procedures are being used in bone augmentation with the aim to restore lost tissue and function

Trefoil factor family protein 3 affects cancellous bone formation in the secondary centers of ossification of mouse tibiae

Background and Purpose: Trefoil factor family (TFF) is a small family of peptides, which comprises three peptides, TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3. The primary sites of TFF expression and synthesis are mucous epithelia, with gastrointestinal mucosa being their main localization. They have a role in mucosal restitution and strengthening of the normal mucosal barrier. Although not present in healthy articular cartilage, TFF3 is expressed in osteoarthritis and septic arthritis affected cartilage and promotes cartilage degradation in such conditions. Also, TFF3 is present in endochondral ossification during embryonic development. Since this implies a role for TFF3 in the ossification process, we evaluated the histomorphometric parameters of the trabecular bone in the epiphyses of mouse tibiae from wild type mice and TFF3 knock-out mice. Materials and Methods: Tibiae of wild-type and knock-out mice were isolated, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, paraffin embedded and cut into 6μm sections, which were stained using Masson’s trichrome stain. Digital photographs were taken for histomorphometry of the epiphyseal cancellous bone. Results: Trabecular bone volume density, trabecular bone surface density and trabecular number were significantly decreased in TFF3 knock-out mice, when compared to wild-type mice. Trabecular separation was significantly higher in TFF3 knock-out mice, and trabecular thickness did not differ significantly. Conclusions: In addition to its impact on the cartilage degradation, our present study shows that TFF3 might also have a role in the formation of cancellous bone and its properties

Bioprinting

Bioprinting is an emerging field in the areas of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. It is defined as the printing of structures consisting of living cells, biomaterials and active biomolecules. The ultimate aim is to produce implantable organs and tissues to replace the use of autografts, which cause donor site morbidity and require two invasive surgeries. Not only is bioprinting aimed at the restoration of tissue, it has significant potential for drug delivery and cancer studies. Bioprinting provides control over cell placement and therefore creates a homogenous distribution of cells correlating to a uniform tissue ingrowth. Another attribute of bioprinting is the production of patient-specific spatial geometry, controllable microstructures and a high degree of reproducibility and scalability between designs. This book chapter will discuss the many parameters of bioprinting; manufacturing techniques, precursor materials, types of printed cells and the current research

Spain – Madrid – Palacio Real

https://digital.sandiego.edu/pcspain/1106/thumbnail.jp