160 research outputs found
Direct observation of time correlated single-electron tunneling
We report a direct detection of time correlated single-electron tunneling
oscillations in a series array of small tunnel junctions. Here the current, I,
is made up of a lattice of charge solitons moving throughout the array by time
correlated tunneling with the frequency f=I/e, where e is the electron charge.
To detect the single charges, we have integrated the array with a
radio-frequency single-electron transistor (RF-SET) and employed two different
methods to couple the array to the SET input: by direct injection through a
tunnel junction, and by capacitive coupling. In this paper we report the
results from the latter type of charge input, where we have observed the
oscillations in the frequency domain and measured currents from 50 to 250 fA by
means of electron counting.Comment: 2 pages, 1 figure; submitted to the 10th International
Superconductive Electronics Conference (ISEC'05), the Netherlands, Sept. 200
Line Widths of Single-Electron Tunneling Oscillations: Experiment and Numerical Simulations
We present experimental and numerical results from a real-time detection of
time-correlated single-electron tunneling oscillations in a one-dimensional
series array of small tunnel junctions. The electrons tunnel with a frequency
f=I/e, where I is the current and e is the electron charge. Experimentally, we
have connected a single-electron transistor to the last array island, and in
this way measured currents from 5 fA to 1 pA by counting the single electrons.
We find that the line width of the oscillation is proportional to the frequency
f. The experimental data agrees well with numerical simulations.Comment: 2 pages, 1 figure. Submitted to the 24th International Conference on
Low Temperature Physics (LT24), Orlando, FL, USA, Aug. 2005; to be published
in the AIP Conference Proceedings serie
Designing frequency-dependent relaxation rates and Lamb shift for a giant artificial atom
In traditional quantum optics, where the interaction between atoms and light
at optical frequencies is studied, the atoms can be approximated as point-like
when compared to the wavelength of light. So far, this relation has also been
true for artificial atoms made out of superconducting circuits or quantum dots,
interacting with microwave radiation. However, recent and ongoing experiments
using surface acoustic waves show that a single artificial atom can be coupled
to a bosonic field at several points wavelengths apart. Here, we theoretically
study this type of system. We find that the multiple coupling points give rise
to a frequency dependence in the coupling strength between the atom and its
environment, and also in the Lamb shift of the atom. The frequency dependence
is given by the discrete Fourier transform of the coupling point coordinates
and can therefore be designed. We discuss a number of possible applications for
this phenomenon, including tunable coupling, single-atom lasing, and other
effects that can be achieved by designing the relative coupling strengths of
different transitions in a multi-level atom.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figure
Coulomb blockade thermometry using a two-dimensional array of tunnel junctions
We have measured current-voltage characteristics of two-dimensional arrays of
small tunnel junctions at temperatures from 1.5 K to 4.2 K. This corresponds to
thermal energies larger than the charging energy. We show that 2D-arrays can be
used as primary thermometers in the same way as 1D-arrays, and even have some
advantages over 1D-arrays. We have carried out Monte Carlo simulations, which
agree with our experimental results.Comment: 4 pages, 4 eps figures. Also available from Journal of Applied
Physics (http://link.aip.org/link/?jap/86/3844
A fast, primary Coulomb blockade thermometer
We have measured the third derivative of the current-voltage characteristics,
d^3I/dV^3, in a two-dimensional array of small tunnel junctions using a lock-in
amplifier. We show that this derivative is zero at a voltage which scales
linearly with the temperature and depends only on the temperature and natural
constants, thus providing a primary thermometer. We demonstrate a measurement
method which extracts the zero crossing voltage directly using a feedback
circuit. This method requires only one voltage measurement, which makes it
substantially faster than the original Coulomb blockade thermometry method.Comment: 3 pages, 4 figures. This article has been submitted to Applied
Physics Letters (http://ojps.aip.org/aplo
Thermal properties of charge noise sources
Measurements of the temperature and bias dependence of Single Electron
Transistors (SETs) in a dilution refrigerator show that charge noise increases
linearly with refrigerator temperature above a voltage-dependent threshold
temperature, and that its low temperature saturation is due to SET
self-heating. We show further that the two-level fluctuators responsible for
charge noise are in strong thermal contact with the electrons in the SET, which
can be at a much higher temperature than the substrate. We suggest that the
noise is caused by electrons tunneling between the SET metal and nearby
potential wells
Resonant and off-resonant microwave signal manipulation in coupled superconducting resonators
We present an experimental demonstration as well as a theoretical model of an
integrated circuit designed for the manipulation of a microwave field down to
the single-photon level. The device is made of a superconducting resonator
coupled to a transmission line via a second frequency-tunable resonator. The
tunable resonator can be used as a tunable coupler between the fixed resonator
and the transmission line. Moreover, the manipulation of the microwave field
between the two resonators is possible. In particular, we demonstrate the
swapping of the field from one resonator to the other by pulsing the frequency
detuning between the two resonators. The behavior of the system, which
determines how the device can be operated, is analyzed as a function of one key
parameter of the system, the damping ratio of the coupled resonators. We show a
good agreement between experiments and simulations, realized by solving a set
of coupled differential equations.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure
Storage and on-demand release of microwaves using superconducting resonators with tunable coupling
We present a system which allows to tune the coupling between a
superconducting resonator and a transmission line. This storage resonator is
addressed through a second, coupling resonator, which is frequency-tunable and
controlled by a magnetic flux applied to a superconducting quantum interference
device (SQUID). We experimentally demonstrate that the lifetime of the storage
resonator can be tuned by more than three orders of magnitude. A field can be
stored for 18 {\mu}s when the coupling resonator is tuned off resonance and it
can be released in 14 ns when the coupling resonator is tuned on resonance. The
device allows capture, storage, and on-demand release of microwaves at a
tunable rate.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure
Period-tripling subharmonic oscillations in a driven superconducting resonator
We have observed period-tripling subharmonic oscillations, in a
superconducting coplanar waveguide resonator operated in the quantum regime,
. The resonator is terminated by a tunable inductance
that provides a Kerr-type nonlinearity. We detected the output field
quadratures at frequencies near the fundamental mode, GHz, when the resonator was driven by a current at with an
amplitude exceeding an instability threshold. The output radiation was
red-detuned from the fundamental mode. We observed three stable radiative
states with equal amplitudes and phase-shifted by . The
downconversion from to is strongly enhanced by resonant
excitation of the second mode of the resonator, and the cross-Kerr effect. Our
experimental results are in quantitative agreement with a model for the driven
dynamics of two coupled modes
Simple, robust and on-demand generation of single and correlated photons
We propose two different setups to generate single photons on demand using an
atom in front of a mirror, along with either a beam-splitter or a tunable
coupling. We show that photon generation efficiency ~99% is straightforward to
achieve. The proposed schemes are simple and easily tunable in frequency. The
operation is relatively insensitive to dephasing and can be easily extended to
generate correlated pairs of photons. They can also in principle be used to
generate any photonic qubit of the form in
arbitrary wave-packets, making them very attractive for quantum communication
applications.Comment: 10 pages, Added appendi
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