64 research outputs found
OdreÄivanje aflatoksina, okratoksina A, fumonizina i zearalenona u žitaricama i krmivu primjenom kompetetivnoga direktnog imunoenzimatskog testa (CD-ELISA) i tankoslojne kromatografije (TLC)
Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species frequently contaminate crops. For this reason mycotoxins such as afl atoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FBs), and zearalenone (ZEA) are found in food and feed in a wide range of concentrations, depending on environmental and storage conditions.
Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed has been associated with acute and chronic poisoning and carcinoma. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and co-occurrence of AFs
(B1+B2+G1+G2), OTA, FBs (B1+B2+B3), and ZEA in 37 samples of cereals and feed randomly collected in 2007 from households of an endemic nephropathy (EN) area in Croatia. The mycotoxins were determined using the competitive direct ELISA test (CD-ELISA) in combination with thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The most frequent mycotoxin was ZEA (92 %, mean 318.3 Ī¼g kg-1), followed by FBs (27 %, 3690 Ī¼g kg-1), AFs (24.3 %, 4.6 Ī¼g kg-1), and OTA (16.2 %, 9.8 Ī¼g kg-1). Levels of AFs, ZEA, and FBs detected by CD-ELISA signifi cantly correlated with the TLC results. However, only one OTA-positive sample was confi rmed by TLC due to its high limit of detection. The levels of these mycotoxins were below the permissible limit for animal feed. Twenty-nine percent of cereals were contaminated with FBs, OTA, or ZEA in mass fractions above the permissible limit for humans. Co-occurrence of two toxins
varied between 4.2 % and 54 % and of three between 4.2 % and 7.6 %. Prolonged co-exposure to AFs, OTA, FBs, and ZEA might increase the risk of various chronic diseases.Vrste plijesni iz rodova Aspergillus, Penicillium i Fusarium Äesti su kontaminanti usjeva te na takvim supstratima tvore mikotoksine. Stoga su žitarice i krmiva Äesto kontaminirana afl atoksinima (AFs),
okratoksinom A (OTA), fumonizinima (FBs) i zearalenonom (ZEA) u razliÄitim koncentracijama ovisno o mikroklimatskim uvjetima na polju i u skladiÅ”tu. Konzumiranje hrane kontaminirane mikotoksinima
Äesto je povezano s akutnim ili kroniÄnim trovanjima, ali i s razvojem karcinoma. Cilj ovog rada bio je odrediti istodobnu pojavnost AFs (B1+B2+G1+G2), OTA, FBs (B1+B2+B3) i ZEA u uzorcima žitarica i krme (N=37) koji su nasumiÄno skupljeni u individualnim domaÄinstvima na podruÄju endemske nefropatije (EN) u Hrvatskoj (2007). Za odreÄivanje navedenih mikotoksina koriÅ”ten je kompetitivni direktni ELISA-test (CD-ELISA) u kombinaciji s tankoslojnom kromatografi jom (TLC). Najzastupljeniji mikotoksin bio
je ZEA (92 %, srednja koncentracija 318.3 Ī¼g kg-1), nakon Äega slijede FBs (27 %, 3690 Ī¼g kg-1), AFs (24.3 %, 4.6 Ī¼g kg-1) te OTA (16.2 %, 9.8 Ī¼g kg-1). Koncentracije AFs, FBs i ZEA odreÄene CD-ELISA-testom statistiÄki znaÄajno koreliraju s rezultatima dobivenim s TLC. OTA je potvrÄen metodom TLC samo u jednom uzorku zbog visokog limita detekcije. Dokazane koncentracije su ispod razina dopuÅ”tenih za krmiva, dok je 29 % uzoraka žitarica sadržavalo FBs, OTA ili ZEA u koncentracijama iznad dopuÅ”tenih u hrani za ljude. Kokontaminacija s dvama odnosno trima toksinima varirala je izmeÄu 4.2 % i 54 % odnosno izmeÄu 4.2 % i 7.6 %. Dugotrajni unos AFs, OTA, FBs i ZEA putem hrane može poveÄati rizik od razvoja razliÄitih kroniÄnih bolesti zbog njihova moguÄega sinergistiÄkog djelovanja
Interakcije nekih plijesni i aflatoksinogenog soja Asspergillus flavus NRRL 3251
The objective of this study was to evaluate biotic interaction between some mould species and active producer of aflatoxin B1 Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3251, co-cultured in yeast-extract sucrose (YES) broth. Twenty-five mould strains of Alternaria spp., Cladosporium spp., Mucor spp., A. flavus and A. niger, used as biocompetitive agents, were isolated from outdoor and indoor airborne fungi, scrapings of mouldy household walls, and from stored and post-harvest maize. Aflatoxin B1 was extracted from mould biomasses with chloroform and detected using the multitoxin TLC method. The results confirm antagonistic interaction between all strains tested. With Alternaria spp. and Cladosporium spp., aflatoxin B1 production decreased 100 %, compared to detection in a single culture of A. flavus NRRL 3251 (Cmean=18.7 Āµg mL-1). In mixed cultures with Mucor spp., aflatoxin B1 levels dropped to (5.6-9.3) Āµg mL-1, and the inhibition was from 50 % to 70 %. Four of five aflatoxin non-producing strains of A. flavus interfered with aflatoxin production in mixed culture, and reduced AFB1 productivity by 100 %. One strain showed a lower efficacy in inhibiting AFB1 production (80 %) with a detectable amount of AFB1 3.7 Āµg mL-1 when compared to control. A decrease in toxin production was also observed in dual cultivation with A. niger strains. It resulted in 100 % reduction in three strains), 90 % reduction in one strain (Cmean=1.9 Āµg mL-1) and 80 % reduction in one strain (Cmean=3.7 Āµg mL-1) inhibition.Cilj rada bio je procijeniti biotske interakcije izmeÄu sojeva razliÄitih vrsta plijesni i kontrolnog soja Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3251, producenta aflatoksina B1 (AFB1). Inhibitorno djelovanje u mijeÅ”anim kulturama na tvorbu AFB1 ispitano je na dvadeset pet sojeva Alternaria, Cladosporium, Mucor i Aspergillus vrsta izoliranih iz zraka, strugotina pljesnivih zidova te uskladiÅ”tenog i prezimljenog kukuruza. Biosinteze su provedene u tekuÄoj hranjivoj podlozi s kvaÅ”Äevim ekstraktom (YESbujon). Ekstrakcije AFB1 iz biomase izvrÅ”ene su multitoksinskom metodom tankoslojne kromatografije. Rezultati biotskih interakcija pokazali su antagonistiÄki odnos svih testiranih sojeva. Alternaria i Cladosporium vrste simultano inokulirane sporama A. flavus NRRL 3251 inhibirale su tvorbu AFB1 100 % u odnosu na dokazani toksin u kontrolnoj biosintezi (konc. 18,7 Āµg mL-1). U mijeÅ”anim kulturama vrstama roda Mucor dokazane su padajuÄe koncentracije AFB1 (9,3 Āµg mL-1, 7,5 Āµg mL-1 i 5,6 Āµg mL-1), odnosno inhibicija tvorbe toksina 50 % do 70 %. Atoksinogeni sojevi A. flavus inhibirali su tvorbu AFB1 80 % (1 soj, konc. 3,7 Āµg mL-1) i 100 % (4 soja). AntagonistiÄko djelovanje prema toksinogenom soju, smanjujuÄi tvorbu AFB1 u rasponu 80 % do 100 % (konc. 1,9 Āµg mL-1 i 3,7 Āµg mL-1), dokazano je u uzgojnim biosintezama s A. niger
T-2 toksin - pojavnost i toksiÄnost u peradi
T-2 toxin is the most toxic type A trichothecene mycotoxin. It is the secondary metabolite of the Fusarium fungi, and is common in grain and animal feed. Toxic effects have been shown both in experimental animals and in livestock. It has been implicated in several outbreaks of human mycotoxicoses. Toxic effects in poultry include inhibition of protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis, cytotoxicity, immunomodulation, cell lesions in the digestive tract, organs and skin, neural disturbances and low performance in poultry production (decreased weight gain, egg production, and hatchability). Concentrations of T-2 toxin in feed are usually low, and its immunosuppressive effects and secondary infections often make diagnosis difficult. If at the onset of the disease, a change in diet leads to health and performance improvements in animals, this may point to mycotoxin poisoning. Regular control of grain and feed samples is a valuable preventive measure, and it is accurate only if representative samples are tested. This article reviews the incidence and toxic effects of T-2 toxin in poultry.T-2 toksin je najtoksiÄniji predstavnik trikotecenskih mikotoksina tipa A. On je sekundarni produkt metabolizma plijesni roda Fusarium i Äesto je prisutan u žitaricama i hrani za životinje. Å tetni uÄinci uoÄeni su u eksperimentalnih životinja i životinja u uzgoju. On se povezuje s pojavom bolesti ljudi od mikotoksikoza. UÄinci toksina u peradi su viÅ”estruki: inhibicija sinteze proteina, DNA i RNA, citotoksiÄni uÄinak, imunomodulatorni uÄinak, oÅ”teÄenje stanica probavnog sustava, organa i kože, živÄani poremeÄaji te pad proizvodnih karakteristika u uzgoju peradi (slabiji prirast, pad nesivosti i valivosti). Koncentracije T-2 toksina u hrani redovito su vrlo malene, a zbog imunosupresivnog djelovanja toksina te istodobne sekundarne infekcije bolest se Äesto teÅ”ko dijagnosticira. Pri pojavi bolesti promjenom hrane može doÄi do poboljÅ”anja zdravstvenog stanja, Å”to tako|er upuÄuje na moguÄe trovanje mikotoksinima. Redovita kontrola uzoraka žitarica i hrane za životinje jedna je od preventivnih mjera, a detekcija mikotoksina u žitaricama i hrani pouzdana je samo ako se ispituje reprezentativan uzorak. U radu su opisani uÄestalost i toksiÄni uÄinci T-2 toksina u peradi
Kontaminacija zrna pŔenice, kukuruza, soje i graŔka vrstama Fusariuma u Hrvatskoj
From 2002 to 2008, 203 samples of wheat, maize, soybean, and pea were analysed for the presence of Fusarium species. Contamination with Fusarium spp., expressed as the percentage of seeds with Fusarium colonies, ranged from 5 % to 69 % for wheat, from 25 % to 100 % for maize, from 4 % to 17 % for soybean, and from 3 % to 17 % for pea. 187 isolates were collected and the following 19 species determined: F. graminearum, F. poae, F. avenaceum, F. verticillioides, F. sporotrichioides, F. heterosporum, F. crookwellense, F. tricinctum, F. semitectum, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. solani, F. equiseti, F. pseudograminearum, F. chlamydosporum, F. sambucinum, F. compactum, F. scirpi, and F. culmorum.
Dominant species were F. graminearum on wheat (27 % of isolates), F. verticillioides on maize (83 % of isolates), F. sporotrichioides on soybean (34 % of isolates), and F. proliferatum on pea (29 % of isolates). Among species identifi ed, F. heterosporum, F. crookwellense, F. pseudograminearum, F. sambucinum, and F. compactum have been reported for the fi rst time in Croatia.U periodu od 2002. do 2008. g. analizirana je prisutnost vrsta Fusariuma na 208 uzoraka zrna pÅ”enice, kukuruza, soje i graÅ”ka. Kontaminacija vrstama Fusariuma, izražena kao postotak sjemenki s kolonijama Fusarium spp., kretala se od 5 % do 69 % na pÅ”enici, od 25 % do 100 % na kukuruzu, od 4 % do 17 % na soji te od 3 % do 17 % na graÅ”ku. ProsjeÄna kontaminacija vrstama Fusariuma u razliÄitim godinama varirala je od 10 % do 46 % na pÅ”enici, od 50 % do 91 % na kukuruzu, od 5 % do 9 % na soji te od 7 %
do 10 % na graÅ”ku. Vrste Fusariuma koje se javljaju na zrnu izolirane su i determinirane s odabranih uzoraka pÅ”enice, kukuruza, soje i graÅ”ka. Skupljeno je 187 izolata, a utvrÄeno je 19 vrsta: F. graminearum, F. poae, F. avenaceum, F. verticillioides, F. sporotrichioides, F. heterosporum, F. crookwellense, F. tricinctum, F. semitectum, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. solani, F. equiseti, F. pseudograminearum, F. chlamydosporum, F. sambucinum, F. compactum, F. scirpi i F. culmorum. Dominantne vrste bile su F.
graminearum na pÅ”enici (27 % izolata), F. verticillioides na kukuruzu (83 % izolata), F. sporotrichioides na soji (34 % izolata) te F. proliferatum na graÅ”ku (29 % izolata). U Hrvatskoj su prvi put utvrÄene vrste F. heterosporum, F. crookwellense, F. pseudograminearum, F. sambucinum i F. compactum
The role of open-air inhalatoria in the air quality improvement in spa towns
Objectives: The present study was aimed at evaluating microbiological contamination of air in Ciechocinek and InoĀwroĀcÅaw ā Polish lowland spa towns. Additionally, the impact of open-air inhalatoria on the quality of air was evaluated. Material and Methods: Air samples were collected seasonally in the urban areas, in the recreation areas and in the vicinity of inhalatoria in both towns using impaction. The numbers of mesophilic bacteria, staphylococci, hemolytic bacteria and actinomycetes were determined on media according to the Polish Standard PN-86/Z-04111/02. The number of moulds was determined on media according to the Polish Standard PN-86/Z-04111/03. Results: While the highest numbers of microorganisms were noted at the sites located in the urban areas, the lowest numbers were noted in the vicinity of the open-air inhalatoria. In all the investigated air samples the values of bioaerosol concentrations were below the recommended TLVs (ā¤ 5000 CFUĆmā3 for both bacteria and fungi in outdoor environments). Location of the sampling site was invariably a decisive factor in determining the number of microorganisms in the air. Conclusions: The aerosol which is formed in the open-air inhalatoria has a positive influence on microbiological air quality. Owing to a unique microclimate and low air contamination, Ciechocinek and InowrocÅaw comply with all necessary requirements set for health resorts specializing in treating upper respiratory tract infections
- ā¦