The red rumped swallow (Cecropis daurica).

<p>The tail of the swallow resembles the appearance of the healthy nigrosome-1 on HR-SWI MRI. Picture modified from Wikipedia: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallow" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallow</a>. Image rights transferred to public domain.</p

Analysis of diagnostic accuracy of nigrosome-1 presence to diagnose PD in a clinical population with all non-diagnostic cases included.

<p>Analysis of diagnostic accuracy of nigrosome-1 presence to diagnose PD for each rater individually and after consensus assessment of discrepantly rated cases. The cases were classified according to presence or absence of nigrosome-1 and include the 90 cases from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0093814#pone-0093814-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> and five non-diagnostic scans (n = 95, ‘intended to diagnose cases’).</p

Clinical HR-SWI MRI at 3T (‘PRESTO’ sequence) to demonstrate nigrosome-1.

<p>Nigrosome-1 assessment of the SN in 4 different patients (a-d). The first column illustrates the standard axial plane at the level just inferior to red nucleus and the second column the multi-planar reformat along the axis of the low density signal of the SN (oblique axial). Green arrow tip illustrates nigrosome-1 presence; red arrow tip illustrates unclear/possible presence of nigrosome-1. a) Non-PD patient (60 years old, female, diagnosed with cognitive impairment and a small cerebral cavernoma) – nigrosome-1 is present bilaterally. b) Non-PD patient (54 year old, female, MRI scan for recurrent loss of consciousness of unknown cause) – nigrosome-1 is present bilaterally but smaller than in (a). c) PD patient (68 years old, male) - Right nigrosome-1 absent, left nigrosome-1 unclear. d) PD patient (65 years old, female) – nigrosome-1 absent bilaterally. An example of Group II (bilateral unclear/possible nigrosome-1 presence, n = 2 of 81 non-PD patients) is not demonstrated.</p

SWI MRI in PD and Non-PD patients.

<p>A. High resolution SWI MRI (3D gradient echo EPI, magnitude image) of a PD patient (left, 60 years, female, UPDRS: 53, HY score 3, nigrosome-1 absent bilaterally) and a control (right, 61 years, female, nigrosome-1 present bilaterally). B. Clinical high resolution 3D-T2*/SWI MRI (Philips ‘PRESTO’ sequence), of a PD patient (left, 58 years old, male, nigrosome-1 absent bilaterally) and a non-PD patient (right, 70 years old, female, diagnosed with an aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, nigrosome-1 present bilaterally).</p

Analysis of diagnostic accuracy of nigrosome-1 presence to diagnose PD in a clinical population (non-diagnostic cases excluded).

<p>Analysis of diagnostic accuracy of nigrosome-1 presence to diagnose PD for each rater individually and after consensus assessment of discrepantly rated cases. The cases were classified according to presence or absence of nigrosome-1 and include nine PD cases and 81 non-PD cases (n = 90).</p

Showing characteristics of different events in each network, averaged over all time periods and all subjects, the error indicates the inter subject standard deviation.

<p>Showing characteristics of different events in each network, averaged over all time periods and all subjects, the error indicates the inter subject standard deviation.</p

a) Ten tICA weighting maps for subject 1 for the three networks studied, showing sub-structures within each network mask (beige) and b) a single component tICA maps showing consistent patterns between different subjects for the MN, DAN left and DMN.

<p>The colour scale is normalised to unity.</p

Fractional significant correlation scores for the 2-back data for rest period 1 (top row) and 2-back task period (bottom row).

<p>Fractional significant correlation scores for the 2-back data for rest period 1 (top row) and 2-back task period (bottom row).</p

The cross subject average correlation maps following a coordinated network event (CNE- left) and for a null period (middle).

<p>The graphs (right) show the difference in connectivity at these periods with high connectivity following a CNE and low in a null period.</p

a) Nodal activation timeseries for the motor network, left and right fronto-parietal network and default mode network in rest period 1 from the motor data, for a single subject.

<p>The solid lines show the average number of voxels within the node defined as active by PFM at each time point, and the dotted lines depict one standard deviation from baseline. The correlation maps (below the activation timeseries) are shown for 30s time windows at 40s intervals, each window starting at the time indicated. These highlight the dynamic nature and changing structure of networks b) correlation maps at the time of a coordinated network event that show strong network structure and their corresponding paradigm free mapping activation map depicting the voxels that showed an event at this time.</p