Using multiplexers to study the statistics of quantum phenomenon in one-dimensional wires

The quantum point contact (QPC) is a one-dimensional constriction with the differential conductance quantised in units of $G_Q=2e^2/h$. However, the transport behaviour below the first plateau is still not fully understood, including the 0.7 anomaly and the 0.25 anomaly in the linear and non-linear transport regimes respectively. In this work, we utilise a multiplexing technique and statistically investigate the 0.7 anomaly observed on the first three plateaus respectively in 571 QPCs, fitting well the van-Hove model. The 0.7 anomaly shows the transconductance suppression due to the effective electron interactions which are modified by the local density of states (LDOS). At the maximum of LDOS, the interaction strength becomes strongest, resulting in the strongest transconductance suppression. The strongest interaction strength is determined by the ratio of transverse confinement curvature and longitudinal barrier curvature. Moreover, we realise measurements of the effective g factor ($g^*$) and high-field offset ($\Delta E^{hfo}$) in numerous devices in a single cooldown at T=40 mK. The statistical results show both the $g^*$ and $\Delta E^{hfo}$ increase with the potential confinement, which supports the predictions about the role of interaction strength on $g^*$ and $\Delta E^{hfo}$ in a 1D tight-binding model. We explore the origin of $\Delta E^{hfo}$ and find that it is only considerable for the first plateau. Using a short and narrow QPC could result in a stronger potential confinement and thus a higher $g^*$, which could be beneficial for its use in spintronic applications. Last, we investigate the formation and development of the DC-bias-induced 0.75 and 0.25 anomalies for 402 QPCs. We find the anomalies evolve similarly in a magnetic field. To explain the anomaly behaviours, we propose a phenomenological DC-bias-induced spin-splitting model. In the model, with the increasing DC bias ($V_{DC}$), the 0.75 anomaly occurs first at a differential conductance of 0.75 $G_Q$, while the 0.25 anomaly is formed at a differential conductance of 0.5 $G_Q$ and moves to 0.375 $G_Q$. The spin gap of the first subband opens to be $e|V_{DC}|$, which enables an all-electric manipulation of spin polarisation simply by applying a DC bias.China Scholarship Council, EPSR

The complete mitochondrial genomes of two band-winged grasshoppers, Gastrimargus marmoratus and Oedaleus asiaticus

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The two closely related species of band-winged grasshoppers, <it>Gastrimargus marmoratus </it>and <it>Oedaleus asiaticus</it>, display significant differences in distribution, biological characteristics and habitat preferences. They are so similar to their respective congeneric species that it is difficult to differentiate them from other species within each genus. Hoppers of the two species have quite similar morphologies to that of <it>Locusta migratoria</it>, hence causing confusion in species identification. Thus we determined and compared the mitochondrial genomes of <it>G. marmoratus </it>and <it>O. asiaticus </it>to address these questions.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The complete mitochondrial genomes of <it>G. marmoratus </it>and <it>O. asiaticus </it>are 15,924 bp and 16,259 bp in size, respectively, with <it>O. asiaticus </it>being the largest among all known mitochondrial genomes in Orthoptera. Both mitochondrial genomes contain a standard set of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and an A+T-rich region in the same order as those of the other analysed caeliferan species, but different from those of the ensiferan species by the rearrangement of <it>trnD </it>and <it>trnK</it>. The putative initiation codon for the <it>cox1 </it>gene in the two species is ATC. The presence of different sized tandem repeats in the A+T-rich region leads to size variation between their mitochondrial genomes. Except for <it>nad2</it>, <it>nad4L</it>, and <it>nad6</it>, most of the caeliferan mtDNA genes exhibit low levels of divergence. In phylogenetic analyses, the species from the suborder Caelifera form a monophyletic group, as is the case for the Ensifera. Furthermore, the two suborders cluster as sister groups, supporting the monophyly of Orthoptera.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The mitochondrial genomes of both <it>G. marmoratus </it>and <it>O. asiaticus </it>harbor the typical 37 genes and an A+T-rich region, exhibiting similar characters to those of other grasshopper species. Characterization of the two mitochondrial genomes has enriched our knowledge on mitochondrial genomes of Orthoptera.</p

Learnable Blur Kernel for Single-Image Defocus Deblurring in the Wild

Recent research showed that the dual-pixel sensor has made great progress in defocus map estimation and image defocus deblurring. However, extracting real-time dual-pixel views is troublesome and complex in algorithm deployment. Moreover, the deblurred image generated by the defocus deblurring network lacks high-frequency details, which is unsatisfactory in human perception. To overcome this issue, we propose a novel defocus deblurring method that uses the guidance of the defocus map to implement image deblurring. The proposed method consists of a learnable blur kernel to estimate the defocus map, which is an unsupervised method, and a single-image defocus deblurring generative adversarial network (DefocusGAN) for the first time. The proposed network can learn the deblurring of different regions and recover realistic details. We propose a defocus adversarial loss to guide this training process. Competitive experimental results confirm that with a learnable blur kernel, the generated defocus map can achieve results comparable to supervised methods. In the single-image defocus deblurring task, the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art results, especially significant improvements in perceptual quality, where PSNR reaches 25.56 dB and LPIPS reaches 0.111.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figure

Query Rewriting for Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models

Large Language Models (LLMs) play powerful, black-box readers in the retrieve-then-read pipeline, making remarkable progress in knowledge-intensive tasks. This work introduces a new framework, Rewrite-Retrieve-Read instead of the previous retrieve-then-read for the retrieval-augmented LLMs from the perspective of the query rewriting. Unlike prior studies focusing on adapting either the retriever or the reader, our approach pays attention to the adaptation of the search query itself, for there is inevitably a gap between the input text and the needed knowledge in retrieval. We first prompt an LLM to generate the query, then use a web search engine to retrieve contexts. Furthermore, to better align the query to the frozen modules, we propose a trainable scheme for our pipeline. A small language model is adopted as a trainable rewriter to cater to the black-box LLM reader. The rewriter is trained using the feedback of the LLM reader by reinforcement learning. Evaluation is conducted on downstream tasks, open-domain QA and multiple-choice QA. Experiments results show consistent performance improvement, indicating that our framework is proven effective and scalable, and brings a new framework for retrieval-augmented LLM.Comment: EMNLP202

Characterization and comparative profiling of the small RNA transcriptomes in two phases of locust

High-throughput sequencing of the small RNA transcriptome of locust reveals differences in post-transcriptional regulation between solitary and swarming phases and provides insights into the evolution of insect small RNAs