Nonlinearity and Noise Effects in Multi-level Signal Millimeter-Wave over Fiber Transmission using Single- and Dual-Wavelength Modulation

We transmit multilevel quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) data-IEEE 802.16 schemes-at 20 MSps and an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) 802.11 g signal (54 Mbps) with a 25 GHz millimeter-wave over fiber system, which employs a dual wavelength source, over 20 km of single mode fiber. Downlink data transmission is successfully demonstrated over both optical and wireless (up to 12 m) paths with good error vector magnitude. An analysis of two different schemes, in which data is applied to one (single) and both (dual) of the wavelengths of a dual wavelength source, is carried out. The system performance is analyzed through simulation and a good match with experimental results is obtained. The analysis investigates the impact of Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) and RF amplifier nonlinearity and various noise sources, such as laser relative intensity noise, amplified spontaneous emission, thermal, and shot noise. A comparison of single carrier QAM IEEE 802.16 and OFDM in terms of their sensitivity to the distortions from MZM and RF amplifier nonlinearity is also presented

Quantum Discord for Investigating Quantum Correlations without Entanglement in Solids

Quantum systems unfold diversified correlations which have no classical counterparts. These quantum correlations have various different facets. Quantum entanglement, as the most well known measure of quantum correlations, plays essential roles in quantum information processing. However, it has recently been pointed out that quantum entanglement cannot describe all the nonclassicality in the correlations. Thus the study of quantum correlations in separable states attracts widely attentions. Herein, we experimentally investigate the quantum correlations of separable thermal states in terms of quantum discord. The sudden change of quantum discord is observed, which captures ambiguously the critical point associated with the behavior of Hamiltonian. Our results display the potential applications of quantum correlations in studying the fundamental properties of quantum system, such as quantum criticality of non-zero temperature.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients From 14 Countries: Estimates of the INTERPRET-DD Study

Aim: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common, severe microvascular complication of diabetes. Our study was to assess prevalence and risk factors for DPN in subjects with type 2 diabetes from 14 different countries. Methods: A total of 2,733 subjects with type 2 diabetes aged 18–65 years (45.3% men, mean duration of diabetes = 8.8 years) were included to perform this International Prevalence and Treatment of Diabetes and Depression (INTERPRET-DD) study in 14 countries. After a structured questionnaire was used in face-to-face interviews to collect sociodemographic characteristics and medical records of the participating subjects, laboratory tests were carried out for clinical measurement. Depressive symptoms were diagnosed and measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. The potential risk factors for DPN were determined by multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression, accounting for clustering of participants within the country. Robustness of the estimates was assessed by sensitivity analysis. Results: The overall prevalence of DPN across different countries was 26.71%, whereas country-specific prevalences showed considerable variation. Multivariate analysis revealed that duration of diabetes (OR: 1.08 per 1-year increase, 95% CI: 1.06–1.09), poor glycemic control (OR: 1.11 per 1% increase in HbA1c, 95% CI: 1.05–1.18), and history of hypertension (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.18–2.12), cardiovascular disease (OR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.55–2.78) and depressive symptoms (OR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.43–2.58) were independently and positively associated with the risk of DPN. Sensitivity analyses including or excluding patients from countries with extreme low or high prevalence of DPN yielded similar estimates in terms of trend and magnitude. Conclusions: This international study illustrates that more than a quarter of individuals with type 2 diabetes developed DPN. The prevalence was positively associated with the duration of diabetes, poor glycemic control, and history of hypertension, cardiovascular disease and depressive symptoms

Indoor Pico-Cellular Network Operation based on a Simple Optical Millimetre-Wave Generation Scheme

Experimental demonstrations of modulated signal transmission and pico-cellular network operation at millimeter-wave frequencies, which are based on a simple technique for millimeter-wave generation using an optical phase modulator and optical filtering, are reviewed

Full Downlink Transmission of Multilevel QAM Signals over mm-wave over Fiber System using Phase Modulator and DWDM Filtering

Multilevel Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) signals 916QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM) up to 240Mbps and WLAN 802.11g signals (54 Mbps) are successfully transported over a 25GHz millimeter-wave fiber system employing a dual wavelength source (phase modulator and DWDM filter)

Millimeter-wave wireles LAN over multimode fiber system demonstration

A radio over fiber system using millimeter-wave for downlink (DL) and intermediate frequency for uplink (UL) transmission, that includes a wireless path and uses multimode fiber (MMF), is investigated by throughput measurements. Live wireless local area network transmissions (IEEE 802.11g, 54 Mbps), are upconverted to 25.2 GHz for the DL by using an optical phase modulator and optical filter millimeter-wave generation approach. Both DL and UL data were successfully transmitted between a mobile unit (MU) and commercial access point (AP), via a remote antenna unit connected to the AP by a 300-m MMF link. The measurements, for the full link using omni-directional antennas at the MUs, demonstrate good signal coverage throughout an office area of 12.8 7.2 m and indicate that a coverage area four times this size would be possible if the antenna were placed in the center of a room