Micro- and macrophenotypes related to fungal infection and colonization of insect hosts.

<p>(A) Appressorium (AP) formation concurrent with mucilage production by <i>M</i>. <i>robertsii</i> on an insect cuticle 18 h after inoculation; CO: conidium; bar: 5 μm. (B) Formation of an <i>M</i>. <i>robertsii</i> hyphal body (HB) in a locust hemocoel 36 h after infection. Arrows point to the contraction rings formed for yeast-like budding; HE: hemocyte; bar: 5 μm. (C) Locust cadaver killed and mycosed by the asexual spores of the specific pathogen <i>M</i>. <i>acridum</i>. (D) Zombie ant. This carpenter ant (<i>Camponotus</i> sp.) was killed and colonized by <i>O</i>. <i>unilateralis</i> to form sexual fruiting body (stroma), which erupted from the insect’s head. The insert shows the front of the ant, which was holding tightly to the leaf before its death (courtesy of and copyright by Daniel Winker). Arrows indicate perithecial plates. (E) Caterpillar fungus. A ghost moth (<i>Hepialus</i> sp.) larva infected by <i>O</i>. <i>sinensis</i> remained close to the soil surface with its head up in death, and the stroma erupted from the insect’s head (arrow) (courtesy of and copyright by Daniel Winker).</p

Cu-Catalyzed Esterification Reaction via Aerobic Oxygenation and C–C Bond Cleavage: An Approach to α‑Ketoesters

The Cu-catalyzed novel aerobic oxidative esterification reaction of 1,3-diones for the synthesis of α-ketoesters has been developed. This method combines C–C σ-bond cleavage, dioxygen activation and oxidative C–H bond functionalization, as well as provides a practical, neutral, and mild synthetic approach to α-ketoesters which are important units in many biologically active compounds and useful precursors in a variety of functional group transformations. A plausible radical process is proposed on the basis of mechanistic studies

Pd-Catalyzed Tandem C–H Azidation and N–N Bond Formation of Arylpyridines: A Direct Approach to Pyrido[1,2‑<i>b</i>]indazoles

A novel Pd-catalyzed nitrogenation of arylpyridines via C–H azidation has been developed. Direct C–N and N–N formations are achieved for this N-atom incorporation transformation using azides as the N-atom source. This method provides an alternatively concise approach for the construction of bioactively important pyrido[1,2-<i>b</i>]indazoles

Pd-Catalyzed Tandem C–H Azidation and N–N Bond Formation of Arylpyridines: A Direct Approach to Pyrido[1,2‑<i>b</i>]indazoles

A novel Pd-catalyzed nitrogenation of arylpyridines via C–H azidation has been developed. Direct C–N and N–N formations are achieved for this N-atom incorporation transformation using azides as the N-atom source. This method provides an alternatively concise approach for the construction of bioactively important pyrido[1,2-<i>b</i>]indazoles

Aerobic Oxidation of Pd^II to Pd^IV by Active Radical Reactants: Direct C–H Nitration and Acylation of Arenes via Oxygenation Process with Molecular Oxygen

A Pd-catalyzed aerobic oxidative C–H nitration and acylation of arenes with simple and readily available <i>tert</i>-butyl nitrite (TBN) and toluene as the radical precursors has been developed. Molecular oxygen is employed as the terminal oxidant and oxygen source to initiate the active radical reactants. Many different directing groups such as pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazole, pyridol, pyridylketone, oxime, and azo groups can be employed in these novel transformations. The Pd^II/Pd^IV catalytic cycle through a radical process is the most likely pathway for these oxidative C–H nitration and acylation reactions

S1 Dataset -

(ZIP)</p

S1 File -

(ZIP)</p

Molecular Dynamics Study on the Nucleation Characteristics of Mixed Na₂SO₄/K₂SO₄ Solution in Supercritical Water

Nucleation properties of mixed Na2SO4/K2SO4 solutions were investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. In the mixed solution, ions were attracted to each other and collided to form ion pairs or small clusters, and deposition occurred after further collisions up to a certain scale. The radial distribution function, hydrogen bonding, PMF curves, and coordination number indicated that K+ had a stronger ability to attract water molecules, and in the presence of K+, water molecules in the vicinity of Na+ were decreased, and the probability of collision between Na+ and SO42– ascended. This accelerated the deposition of Na2SO4. The deposition mechanism in the mixed solution was summarized based on the simulation results. It was also found that the nucleation of Na2SO4 was more sensitive to temperature and that of K2SO4 was more sensitive to concentration in the mixed solution

Molecular Dynamics Study on the Nucleation Characteristics of Mixed Na₂SO₄/K₂SO₄ Solution in Supercritical Water

Nucleation properties of mixed Na2SO4/K2SO4 solutions were investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. In the mixed solution, ions were attracted to each other and collided to form ion pairs or small clusters, and deposition occurred after further collisions up to a certain scale. The radial distribution function, hydrogen bonding, PMF curves, and coordination number indicated that K+ had a stronger ability to attract water molecules, and in the presence of K+, water molecules in the vicinity of Na+ were decreased, and the probability of collision between Na+ and SO42– ascended. This accelerated the deposition of Na2SO4. The deposition mechanism in the mixed solution was summarized based on the simulation results. It was also found that the nucleation of Na2SO4 was more sensitive to temperature and that of K2SO4 was more sensitive to concentration in the mixed solution

Ceric Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) Catalyzed Modification of Ketones <i>via</i> Two C–C Bond Cleavages with the Retention of the Oxo-Group

A simple ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) catalyzed functionalization of ketones through double C–C bond cleavage strategy has been disclosed. This reaction provides a mild, practical method toward carbamoyl azides, which are versatile intermediates and building blocks in organic synthesis. Based on relevant mechanistic studies, a unique and plausible C–C bond and N–O bond cleavage process is proposed, where the oxyamination intermediate plays an important role in this reaction