Flore adventice sous palmeraie, dans la zone de savane incluse a Dabou, basse Côte d’Ivoire

La flore adventice sous palmeraie, a été évaluée à partir d'un échantillonnage stratifié, à l'aide de 4 paramètres écologiques. Ainsi, 164 espèces d'adventices ont été recensées sur deux sites (Station expérimentale CNRA et plantations villageoises), près de Dabou, en zone de savane incluse. Une dizaine de familles botaniques se sont avérées les mieux représentées, avec 70 et 59 espèces, respectivement, en station expérimentale et en plantations villageoises. La comparaison de ces agro-écosystèmes, au moyen du coefficient de similitude, révèle une homogénéité floristique (Cs = 58 %). Parmi les principaux types biologiques recensés, les Microphanérophytes ont eu une meilleure représentativité, avec 26 et 33 %, respectivement, en station expérimentale et en plantations villageoises. Le cumul des autres types biologiques les plus fréquents, au sein de la flore adventice (Chaméphytes, Géophytes, Hémicryptophytes, Nanophanérophytes et Thérophytes) a donné une représentativité de 63 %, en station expérimentale et 58 % en plantations villageoises. Quant à la loi de concentration de la flore adventice, elle a été sensiblement du type (25/75).Mots-clés : Palmier à huile, adventice, inventaire floristique, variable écologique, savane incluse, Côte d'Ivoire

An Extraterritorial FDA: Could the Food and Drug Administration Apply Its Informed Consent Requirement Abroad Consistent with International Law?

This paper addresses the regulatory challenges wrought by the increasing amount of human subject drug testing conducted in developing countries in support of new drug applications to the Food and Drug Administration. Specifically, it examines the difficulty of enforcing the “informed consent” requirement for ethical scientific research performed in foreign territory. In poorer regions, a lack of government oversight, lower regulatory standards, and barriers to communication have too frequently resulted in allegations of human experimentation performed without its participants’ informed consent. In order to solve this problem, some commentators have suggested that the FDA could apply its human subject protections to foreign clinical research, and enforce them through injunctions or criminal prosecutions. However, the international legal limits on states’ prescriptive jurisdiction may prohibit this exercise of extraterritoriality. After analyzing the proposed extraterritorial regulation of foreign drug testing under the traditional bases and limitations of prescriptive jurisdiction, this paper concludes that such regulation would likely violate international law. However, because nonconsensual clinical research has previously been regarded as a crime against humanity, the FDA might be able to bring criminal prosecutions under the principal of “universal jurisdiction” against investigators or sponsors who conducted studies without their subjects’ informed consent. This analysis offers both positive and normative conclusions regarding the international legal system and the human rights regime

Early bacterial identification among intubated patients with COVID-19 or influenza pneumonia: A european multicenter comparative clinical trial

Rationale: Early empirical antimicrobial treatment is frequently prescribed to critically ill patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) based on Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines. Objectives: We aimed to determine the prevalence of early bacterial identification in intubated patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia, as compared with influenza pneumonia, and to characterize its microbiology and impact on outcomes. Methods: A multicenter retrospective European cohort was performed in 36 ICUs. All adult patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation > 48 hours were eligible if they had SARS-CoV-2 or influenza pneumonia at ICU admission. Bacterial identification was defined by a positive bacterial culture within 48 hours after intubation in endotracheal aspirates, BAL, blood cultures, or a positive pneumococcal or legionella urinary antigen test. Measurements and Main Results: A total of 1,050 patients were included (568 in SARS-CoV-2 and 482 in influenza groups). The prevalence of bacterial identification was significantly lower in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia compared with patients with influenza pneumonia (9.7 vs. 33.6%; unadjusted odds ratio, 0.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15-0.30; adjusted odds ratio, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.16-0.33; P,0.0001). Gram-positive cocci were responsible for 58% and 72% of coinfection in patients with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza pneumonia, respectively. Bacterial identification was associated with increased adjusted hazard ratio for 28-day mortality in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (1.57; 95% CI, 1.01-2.44; P =0.043). However, no significant difference was found in the heterogeneity of outcomes related to bacterial identification between the two study groups, suggesting that the impact of coinfection on mortality was not different between patients with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza. Conclusions: Bacterial identification within 48 hours after intubation is significantly less frequent in patients with SARSCoV-2 pneumonia than patients with influenza pneumonia. Copyright © 2021 by the American Thoracic Societ