Mulch- und Direktsaat von Soja in abfrierende und überwinternde Zwischenfrüchte

Growing soybeans, the risk of erosion can be reduced with mulch-tillage or no tillage. A field trial was carried out at one site in 2013 and 2014. Soybeans were sown in six different frost terminated and four drill with or without seedbed preparation. In 2014, only some plots after winter hard cover crops could be harvested. The weed infestation and the mulch layer were mostly significant higher without seed preparation than with seedbed preparation during soy beans´ growing period. These higher concurrence to soybeans in the variants without seedbed prepartion resulted in significant lower yields of soya

Praxiserfahrungen im ökologischen Sojabohnenanbau in Bayern und Österreich - Ergebnisse einer Umfrage

Der Anbau von Sojabohnen im ökologischen Landbau in Bayern wurde in den letzten Jahren stark ausgeweitet. Die langjährige Erfahrung mit Sojabohnen bei Anbau und Verarbeitung im Nachbarland Österreich veranlasste die Bayerische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft im Winter 2012, eine telefonische Umfrage in der Praxis der beiden Länder durchzuführen. Die größten Unterschiede ergaben sich bei der eingesetzten Sätechnik, dem Reihenabstand und der Beikrautregulierung. In Österreich säten mehr Landwirte Soja in Reihenabständen größer 45 cm als in Bayern. Die Unterschiede in der Beikrautregulierung bestanden nicht in den eingesetzten Geräten, sondern in deren Anwendung: in Österreich erfolgte die Beikrautregulierung überwiegend durch einen zeitlich versetzten Einsatz oder durch Kombination von Striegel und Hacke, während in Bayern viele Landwirte entweder nur Striegeln oder nur Hacken. Hierbei mussten die befragten bayerischen Betriebe offensichtlich häufiger zusätzlich eine Beikrautregulierung per Hand durchführen, um einen ausreichenden Effekt zu erzielen

Untersuchung verschiedener Techniken zur Beikrautregulierung beim Anbau von Soja

Successful mechanical weed control is a crucial aspect in organic soybean production. Six weed control techniques (spring tine harrow, inter row hoe with duckfoot sweeps, separately used or in combinations, inter row hoe with additional tools: finger weeder, torsion weeder, ridging wings) were evaluated concerning the effects on weed ground cover and on grain yield. Soy bean plant stands have been established with two different row widths using different types of seeders (12.5 cm with seed drill for harrowing variant and 50 cm with single seed drill for hoeing variants). The field trials were conducted at three sites in four years (2011-2014). At harvest, the weed ground cover in the harrowing variant was higher than in the hoeing variants. In the four environments with high weed pressure, the weed ground cover was already higher at pod filling in the harrowing variant. This resulted in higher yields in the hoeing variants in these environments and was caused by a longer period of weed control with hoeing. The additional tools ridging wings or combinations with spring tine harrow increased the success of mechanical weed control and the grain yield in comparison to inter row hoe separately. In the other environments with lower weed pressure, no yield differences were determined between the control techniques

Mechanische Beikrautregulierung im ökologischen Sojaanbau

Successful mechanical weed control is a crucial aspect in organic soybean production. Six weed control techniques (spring tine harrow, inter row hoe with duckfoot sweeps, separately used or in combinations, inter row hoe with additional tools: finger weeder, torsion weeder, ridging wings) were evaluated concerning the effects on weed ground cover and on plant losses. Soy bean plant stands have been established in various rows spacing using different types of seeders (12.5 cm with seed drill for harrowing variant and 50 cm with single seed drill for hoeing variants). The field trials were conducted at two sites in three years (2011-2013). The weed ground cover in the harrowing variant was higher than in the hoeing variants in three of five environments. In these environments, an additional, late treatment could be realized in the hoeing variants, but not in the harrowing variant. Additional tools above all ridging wings or combinations with spring tine harrow increased the success of mechanical weed control. The plant losses depended on the adjustments of the techniques and on the time of treatment. Plant losses, caused by working in the row or into the row, should be compensated by higher seeding rates

Anbaueignung alter versus moderner Braugerstensorten im ökologischen Landbau

Im ökologischen Landbau sind beim Anbau moderner Braugersten Kompromisse aufgrund z. B. einer kurzen bis sehr kurzen Pflanzenlänge nötig. In einem zweijährigen Feldversuch, auf je vier bayerischen Standorten, wurden daher drei alte Braugersten im Vergleich zu dem aktuellen Braugerstensortiment hinsichtlich ihrer Anbaueignung für den ökologischen Landbau geprüft. Alle modernen Sortenerzielten im Vergleich zu den drei alten Sorten mit einer Ausnahme höhere Erträge und zeichneten sich durch wesentlich bessere Brauqualitäten aus. Zwar wiesen zwei der drei alten Sorten die im ökologischen Landbau gewünschten Eigenschaften einer größeren Pflanzenlänge und höher Massenbildung in der Anfangsentwicklung als die modernen Braugersten auf: ein geringerer Beikrautbesatz konnte in den Versuchen jedoch nicht festgestellt werden

Ergebnisse einer Umfrage zur Anbautechnik im ökologischen Sojabohnenanbau in Bayern und Österreich

Cropping of soybeans is getting more and more important in organic farming. Especially weed control is of particular importance. The aim of a telephone survey was the summary of practical experience in Austria and Bavaria. Most farmers are still experimenting with the right method for weed control and seeding in Bavaria. Austrian farmers are more successful in soybean cultivation because they have more experience. In Austria soybeans are often sown with precision seed drills and cultivated with a strategy of harrow and hoeing techniques. Because of growing Experience can increase yields and success in weed control, this experience should be strongly considered for newcomer

Anbauwürdigkeit alter im Vergleich zu modernen Braugersten

Cropping spring barley, long varieties with vigorous growth are desired in organic farming expecting better regulation of weeds. Six old varieties were compared to three modern varieties in a field trial during 2010 and 2011 nearby Freising, Bavaria. The modern varieties were the recommended varieties for Bavaria at beginning of the trial. Higher crop yields were determined for modern varieties with limitation for one of these varieties. The malt quality of the modern varieties was considerably better than for the old varieties. Vigorous growth and plant length was higher for all and for five of the six old in comparison to modern varieties, respectively. But no differences in weed pressure could be measured due to successful mechanical weed control. Additionally, the susceptibility to diseases and tendency to lodge (one exception) was estimated higher for old than for modern varieties. All in all, the breeding progress could be shown in this trial. Hence, the conclusion is that old varieties of spring barley were not a cropping alternative to modern varieties in organic farming

Which isotopes should we choose? Entropy‐based feature ranking enables evaluation of the information content of stable isotopes in archaeofaunal material

Rationale Methods for multi‐isotope analyses are gaining in importance in anthropological, archaeological, and ecological studies. However, when material is limited (i.e., archaeological remains), it is obligatory to decide a priori which isotopic system(s) could be omitted without losing information. Methods We introduce a method that enables feature ranking of isotopic systems on the basis of distance‐based entropy. The feature ranking method is evaluated using Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) clustering as well as a cluster validation index (“trace index”). Results Combinations of features resulting in high entropy values are less important than those resulting in low entropy values structuring the dataset into more distinct clusters. Therefore, this method allows us to rank isotopic systems. The isotope ranking depends on the analyzed dataset, for example, consisting of terrestrial mammals or fish. The feature ranking results were verified by cluster analysis. Conclusions Entropy‐based feature ranking can be used to a priori select the isotopic systems that should be analyzed. Consequently, we strongly suggest that this method should be applied if only limited material is available

Optimierung der Beikrautregulierung im ökologischen Sojaanbau

Aufgrund des bisher noch relativ geringen Anbauumfangs und der relativ kurzen Zeitspanne des Sojaanbaus in Bayern besteht hinsichtlich der mechanischen Beikrautregulierung erheblicher Forschungs- und Beratungsbedarf. Daher wurden in 2011 unter südbayrischen Anbaubedingungen sieben verschiedene Verfahren zur mechanischen Beikrautregulierung im ökologischen Sojabohnenanbau auf insgesamt drei Standorten evaluiert. Allerdings wurden alle Versuchsstandorte durch Hagel bzw. Starkregen Anfang Juni geschädigt. Daher war nur noch eine Teilauswertung möglich. Auf dem wertbaren Standort konnten keine signifikanten Ertragsunterschiede zwischen den Beikrautregulierungsvarianten festgestellt werden. Die höchsten Pflanzenverluste aufgrund von Beikrautregulierungsmaßnahmen zeigten sich in der Variante mit Striegeln. In dieser Variante wurde zudem die höchste Verunkrautung zum Drusch festgestellt. Empfehlungen können aber erst zu Projektende nach drei weiteren Versuchsjahren abgeleitet werden

Die Anbauwürdigkeit der Blauen Lupine in Bayern

Blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) could be an additional local protein crop in Bavaria for animal and human food production. It would also enlarge crop rotation in organic agriculture. At the moment, this crop is mainly cultivated in the northeastern parts of Germany. It is adapted to pH until 6.8 and sandy loamy soils. Currently, it is not re-commended for cultivation in Bavaria. In field trials, different varieties of blue lupins proved to be worth cultivating on organically managed sandy loam and loamy sand on three sites in Bavaria. Boregine and Probor were tested for four years, Mirabor and Boruta for one year. All varieties showed high crop and protein yield, also compared to white lupins. Boregine had the highest crop yield, whereas Probor the highest content of protein. Thus, blue lupin can be cultivated successfully on suitable sites in Bavaria