Sex and apoe genotype differences related to statin use in the aging population

Background: Significant evidence suggests that the cholesterol-lowering statins can affect cognitive function and reduce the risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dementia. These potential effects may be constrained by specific combinations of an individual’s sex and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. Methods: Here we examine data from 252,327 UK Biobank participants, aged 55 or over, and compare the effects of statin use in males and females. We assessed difference in statin treatments taking a matched cohort approach, and identified key stratifiers using regression models and conditional inference trees. Using statistical modeling, we further evaluated the effect of statins on survival, cognitive decline over time, and on AD prevalence. Results: We identified that in the selected population, males were older, had a higher level of education, better cognitive scores, higher incidence of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and a higher rate of statin use. We observed that males and those participants with an APOE ε4–positive genotype had higher probabilities of being treated with statins; while participants with an AD diagnosis had slightly lower probabilities. We found that use of statins was not significantly associated with overall higher rates of survival. However, when considering the interaction of statin use with sex, the results suggest higher survival rates in males treated with statins. Finally, examination of cognitive function indicates a potential beneficial effect of statins that is selective for APOE ε4–positive genotypes. Discussion: Our evaluation of the aging population in a large cohort from the UK Biobank confirms sex and APOE genotype as fundamental risk stratifiers for AD and cognitive function, furthermore it extends them to the specific area of statin use, clarifying their specific interactions with treatments. © 2021 The Authors. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Alzheimer’s Association.Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

Biological durability of wood in relation to end-use - Part 1. Towards a European standard for laboratory testing of the biological durability of wood

The determination of biological durability of wood is an issue requiring sufficient reliability regarding end-use related prediction of performance. Five test institutes joined efforts to check standard test methods and to improve methodology and data interpretation for assessment of natural durability of timber species. A range of softwood and hardwood species was tested using both basidiomycete and soil soft rot testing. Based on combined processing of all data collected, an improved and simplified durability classification system was established. The test methods and the interpretation of results are proposed to be used to assess suitability and service life for applications under European hazard class 3 and 4. The methodology for basidiomycete testing only requires two test fungi and allows direct classification based on median mass loss, while for soil bed testing, which is only required when hazard class 4 applications are envisaged, a slightly more complicated approach proved to be necessary mainly due to variation in test soil parameters. Since service life can be based on natural durability classes, it is evident that these are identified differently for uses in or out of ground contact and for softwoods or hardwood

Untersuchung der realen Belastung von Nadelholzstaeuben mit Holzschutzmittelwirkstoffen waehrend der Bearbeitung Abschlussbericht

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: RN 5905(2750) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDeutsche Gesellschaft fuer Holzforschung e.V. (DGfH), Muenchen (Germany)DEGerman

Bewertung der Auswaschgefaehrdung von nicht fixierenden wasserloeslichen Holzschutzmitteln auf Borbasis sowie moegliche Alternativanwendungen zu chromathaltigen Holzschutzmitteln Abschlussbericht

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: RN 5905(2811) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDeutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt, Osnabrueck (Germany)DEGerman

Bewertung der Auswaschgefaehrdung von nicht fixierenden wasserloeslichen Holzschutzmitteln auf Borbasis sowie moegliche Alternativanwendungen zu chromathaltigen Holzschutzmitteln Abschlussbericht

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: RN 5905(2811) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDeutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt, Osnabrueck (Germany)DEGerman