Data_Sheet_1_Effects of an intervention on emotional and cognitive engagement in teacher education: scientific practices concerning greenhouse gases.docx

Recent studies advise teachers of the need to become aware of the importance of linking the cognitive and affective in learning. During initial training, teaching approaches linked to scientific practices of inquiry and modeling can increase the emotions experienced in the teaching–learning process and encourage teachers to reflect and be aware of how they learn. This research focused on considering that scientific practices should include the environmental problems that society faces today. Thus, activities were contextualized with a theme of economic, scientific and environmental repercussions. Moreover, it promoted awareness about the important role that different scientists have played in the advancement of knowledge about the greenhouse effect and its consequences. The main objective of this research was to allow trainee teachers to become conscious of how they learn content and their relationship with the emotions experienced. The instructional sequence consisted of a set of activities (inquiry, modeling, argumentation), based on the effects of certain chemical substances responsible for the greenhouse effect, focused on promoting the active participation of students. After completion of the instructional sequence, perceptions of pre-service teachers concerning their own learning after the instruction were analyzed. The results evidenced that self-perception of learning and emotions were directly correlated. The emotions experienced during the training appeared to influence the perceptions of the activities and, consequently, their perspectives when deciding whether or not to implement such activities in the future.</p

La Petite presse : journal quotidien... / [rédacteur en chef : Balathier Bragelonne]

12 juillet 18751875/07/12 (A9,N3352)

Additional file 6: of Comprehensive analysis of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in the soybean genome: conserved and plant-specific features

Predicted structure of GmbZIP68 mRNA. The form of Glyma02g19754 mRNA folded by Mfold with the lowest free energy of ∆G = −191.80 (initially −187.80). (TIFF 1485 kb

ACI-35 elicits robust and specific antisera against Tau in wild-type and Tau.P301L mice.

<p>(A) Vaccination schedule with ACI-35 in wild-type mice is shown schematically with s.c. injections represented by the syringes and the bleedings by the letter B with a number. Antisera titers were measured by ELISA on the phosphorylated antigenic sequence incorporated in the vaccine (pTau peptide), and on the non-phosphorylated peptide of the same primary amino acid sequence (Tau peptide) (see text for details). Data are presented as mean± SD. Statistical analysis: one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison test (**p<0.01, **** p<0.0001) and by unpaired student's t-test (**** p<0.0001). (B) Similar vaccination with ACI-35 of Tau.P301L mice and analysis by ELISA. Data are presented as mean± SD. Statistical analysis by unpaired student's t-test (** p<0.01; **** p<0.0001) (C) TAUPIR with antisera from ACI-35 vaccinated wild-type mice and Tau.P301L mice demonstrated a specific reaction with neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads in forebrain of biGT mice. IHC with Mab AT100 is included for comparison. IHC with sera from Tau.P301L mice injected with PBS or from Tau.P301L mice that were not vaccinated, were devoid of specific antibodies and auto-antibodies against human protein Tau. Scale bars: 50 µm.</p

No increased inflammatory response in ACI-35 treated Tau.P301L mice.

<p>(A) IHC did not reveal marked differences in inflammation-related parameters in forebrain of ACI-35 vaccinated Tau.P301L mice, relative to PBS-injected Tau.P301L mice. IHC reaction with the different specific antibodies, specified in the captions, was analyzed by image analysis (details see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0072301#s2" target="_blank">Methods</a> section) and presented as mean± SEM. Scale bars: 50 µm. (B) Western blotting for GFAP of total brain homogenates from Tau.P301L mice vaccinated with ACI-35 (n = 34) or injected with PBS (n = 33). Data presented as mean± SEM. (C) ELISPOT analysis of IFN-γ and IL-4 production by T cells isolated from spleens of naive mice or from mice immunized by either ACI-35 or with recombinant protein Tau. Splenocytes were re-stimulated with medium (cells alone), recombinant Tau protein (100 µg/ml) or with the phosphorylated peptide used in the ACI-35 vaccine and with its un-phosphorylated counterpart (1 µg/ml). Results are expressed as the number of foci (spots per million cells) +SD (n = 10 mice). Statistical analysis: two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison test (*** p<0.001).</p

CD spectrum of ACI-35 corresponds to β-sheet secondary structure.

<p>The CD spectrum of ACI-35 at (1∶9) dilution in PBS. The spectrum of liposomes lacking the phospho-peptide was subtracted to the signal of ACI-35 for baseline correction. The spectrum shows a maximum around 199.5 nm and a broad minimum around 218 nm.</p

Biochemical analysis of brain from Tau.P301L mice vaccinated with ACI-35.

<p>(A) Fractionation scheme of total brain homogenates from Tau.P301L mice to generate soluble (S1) and sarcosyl insoluble fractions (SInT). (B) Representative western blots of S1 and SInT fractions from forebrain and from brainstem of two untreated terminal Tau.P301L mice (age 10 months) developed for total protein Tau (Mab Tau5), for total human protein Tau (Mab HT7) and for phosphorylated Tau (antibodies pT231, pS396 and pS404 as indicated). (C) Reduction of pS396 in soluble fraction of brainstem and forebrain (p = 0.026 and 0.0523, respectively, Student's t-test) from ACI-35 vaccinated Tau.P301L mice, relative to PBS injected mice. (D) Reduction of pS396 (p = 0.0091, Mann Whitney test) and HT7 (p = 0.0706, Mann Whitney test) in SInT in forebrain by ACI-35 vaccination of Tau.P301L mice. (E) Reduction of tangled neurons, marked by IHC for AT100 or pS422, in the forebrain of ACI-35 vaccinated Tau.P301L mice after 3 months of treatment. Data: mean± SEM.</p

Vaccination had no significant effect on the levels of APP or CTFs.

<p>(A) Western blot showing bands for APP and CTFs in brain samples from 2N and Ts65Dn mice. Tubulin was used as internal reference. The lanes are: 2N-vehicle (2, 6, 10, 13); Ts65Dn-vehicle (4, 8); 2N-DS-01 (1, 5, 9, 12, 15); Ts65Dn-DS-01 (3, 7, 11, 14). (B) Quantification of APP showed a higher level in Ts65Dn mice (although here it reached only borderline significance, <i>p</i> = 0.07). Following treatment with DS-01, no significant difference was observed in APP relative to the vehicle for either genotype (2N, vehicle vs DS-01, <i>p</i> = 0.9; Ts65Dn; vehicle vs DS-01, <i>p</i> = 0.4). (C) Quantitation of CTFs revealed significantly higher levels in T65Dn brains in both vehicle-treated and vaccine-treated mice (2N vehicle vs Ts65Dn vehicle, <i>p</i> = 0.01; 2N DS-01 vs Ts65Dn DS-01, <i>p</i> = 0.008). Following DS-01 treatment, no significant difference was observed in CTFs (2N, vehicle vs DS-01, <i>p</i> = 0.7; Ts65Dn; vehicle vs DS-01, <i>p</i> = 0.2). The number of mice used for APP and CTFs was: 2N- vehicle/Ts65Dn- vehicle/2N-DS-01/Ts65Dn-DS-01 = 7/5/8/8. (D) Quantification of α-CTF and (E) β-CTF levels in vehicle-treated and immunized mice. There was no significant effect of vaccine-treatment (α-CTFs: 2N, vehicle vs DS-01 <i>p</i> = 0.9; Ts65Dn, vehicle vs DS-01 <i>p =</i> 0.8.; β-CTF: 2N, vehicle vs DS-01 <i>p</i> = 0.9; Ts65Dn, vehicle vs DS-01 <i>p =</i> 0.9). The number of mice used was: 2N- vehicle/Ts65Dn- vehicle/2N-DS-01/Ts65Dn-DS-01 = 4/5/5/7. Error bars, SEM. All statistical analyses were performed using two-tailed Student T test #, <i>p</i> = 0.07, ns- non-significant, *—<i>p</i> < 0.05, **—<i>p</i> < 0.01.</p

Characterization of vaccine-induced plasma immunoreactivity.

<p>(A) Assessment of immunoreactivity against human and mouse Aβ. Different quantities of mouse or human Aβ were blotted with dilutions of plasma (1:100 and 1:1000). The vaccine-induced antibodies were specific to mouse Aβ. (B) Western blots of two homogenates from Ts65Dn (lane 1) and 2N brains (lane 2) comparing vaccine-induced plasma (green signals) and a commercial anti-Aβ antibody to the C-terminus of APP (red signals). Only the commercial APP C-terminal antibody allowed the detection of APP and CTF. Unidentified bands were also detected using each of the antibodies, but no overlapping bands were observed, best appreciated in the right panel at higher magnification. The brain samples loaded were: vehicle-treated Ts65Dn (lane 1), vehicle-treated 2N (lane 2), synthetic mouse Aβ (lane 3). (C) Western blots of homogenates from CHO or PC12 cells using vaccine-induced plasma and a commercial anti-Aβ antibody. (Left panel) Lysates of wild type CHO cells (lanes 1 and 3), or CHO cells transfected with APP (lanes 2 and 4), were probed with plasma (1:1000) (lanes 1 and 2) or with the APP C-terminal antibody (1:1000) (lanes 3 and 4). (Right panel) The lysates of PC12 cells transfected with GFP alone were probed with plasma (lanes 1 and 2), with the APP C-terminal antibody (lanes 5 and 6) or with anti-GFP antibody (lanes 9 and 10). The lysates of PC12 cells expressing C99/GFP probed with plasma (lanes 3 and 4), with the APP C-terminal antibody (lanes 7 and 8), or with anti-GFP antibody (lanes 11 and 12). There was no cross-reactivity of vaccine-induced plasma with full length APP or CTFs. (D) Varying amounts of recombinant C99 were blotted with the vaccine-induced plasma (green bands) or with a commercial anti-APP antibody (red band). Vaccine-induced plasma demonstrated sensitivity at least 30-fold less than the APP C-terminal antibody.</p

Immunization with DS-01 prevented the atrophy of cholinergic neurons.

<p>(A) The area of ChAT+ cell bodies was significantly larger in Ts65Dn-DS-01 relative to Ts65Dn-vehicle treated mice (<i>p</i> = 0.03). (B) Number and <b>c</b> optical density of ChAT+ cells in medial septum were similar in DS-01-treated and vehicle-treated 2N and Ts65Dn mice. Two-tailed Student T test, *—<i>p</i> < 0.05. Error bars, SEM. The number of mice used was as follows: 2N- vehicle/Ts65Dn- vehicle/2N-DS-01/Ts65Dn-DS-01 = 4/4/4/4.</p