Tipagem molecular de Clostridium perfringens isolados de suínos em abatedouros do estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium known as common pathogen for humans, for domestic and wildlife animals. Although infections caused by C. perfringens type C and A in swine are well studied, just a few reports describe the genetic relationship among strains in the epidemiological chain of swine clostridioses, as well as the presence of the microorganism in the slaughterhouses. The aim of the present study was to isolate C. perfringens from feces and carcasses from swine slaughterhouses, characterize the strains in relation to the presence of enterotoxin, alpha, beta, epsilon, iota and beta-2 toxins genes, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and comparing strains by means of Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Clostridium perfringens isolation frequencies in carcasses and finishing pig intestines were of 58.8% in both types of samples. According to the polymerase chain reaction assay, only alfa toxin was detected, being all isolates also negative to enterotoxin and beta2 toxin. Through PFGE technique, the strains were characterized in 35 pulsotypes. In only one pulsotype, the isolate from carcass sample was grouped with fecal isolate of the same animal, suggesting that the risk of cross-contamination was low. Despite the high prevalence of C. perfringens in swine carcasses from the slaughterhouses assessed, the risk of food poisoning to Brazilian pork consumers is low, since all strains were negative to cpe-gene, codifying enterotoxin

Characterization of Salmonella enterica subespécie enterica sorovar Cholerasuis isolated from pigs in Brazil

Salmonella Choleraesuis é o agente causador de um quadro septicêmico em suínos que pode apresentar altas taxas de mortalidade nos animais infectados. No presente estudo foram avaliadas 93 estirpes de S. Choleraesuis provenientes de suínos com sinais clínicos de infecção. Foram avaliadas estirpes originadas de sete granjas localizadas nos Estados de São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina e Minas Gerais obtidas durantes os anos de 2015, 2016 e 2017. As estirpes de Salmonella foram submetidas a reação em cadeia pela polimerase para confirmação do sorovar pela amplificação do gene fliC, em seguida foram caracterizadas quanto ao perfil de resistência a antimicrobianos e a caracterização genotípica pelo polimorfismo do comprimento de fragmentos amplificados (AFLP). A determinação do perfil de resistência a antimicrobianos revelou que as 93 estirpes foram resistentes a penicilina, doxiciclina, sulfadimetoxina, clindamicina, tilosina, tilmicosina e tiamulina, sendo, portanto, todas multirresistentes. Os antimicrobianos com menores taxas de resistência foram cefitiofur (0%), marbofloxacina (1,1%), neomicina (10,8%) e enrofloxacina (18,3%). As estirpes foram discriminadas em 17 perfis de resistência diferentes, o perfil mais frequente reuniu 39 estirpes (42%) resistentes a penicilina, ampicilina, doxiciclina, oxitetraciclina, florfenicol, sulfadimetoxina, gentamicina, tulatromicina, tilosina, tilmicosina, tiamulina e clindamicina. A análise das estirpes pelo AFLP indicou todas as 93 estirpes foram agrupadas em um único perfil com mais de 94% de similaridade. A partir dos dados obtidos é possível verificar que as estirpes de S. Choleraesuis isoladas de suínos apresentaram baixa variabilidade genética e alta frequência de resistência aos antimicrobianos mais usados em suinocultura.Salmonella Choleraesuis is the causative agent of septicemia in pigs and may present high mortality rates in infected animals. In the present study, 93 strains of S. choleraesuis from pigs with clinical signs of infection were evaluated. Strains from seven farms located in the states of São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Minas Gerais obtained during the years 2015, 2016 and 2017 were evaluated. Salmonella strains were submitted to polymerase chain reaction for confirmation of serovar by amplification of the fliC gene were then characterized for antimicrobial resistance profile and genotype characterization by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). The determination of the antimicrobial resistance profile revealed that the 93 strains were resistant to penicillin, doxycycline, sulfadimethoxine, clindamycin, tylosin, tilmicosin and tiamulin, and were therefore multiresistant. The antimicrobials with the lowest resistance rates were cefitiofur (0%), marbofloxacin (1.1%), neomycin (10.8%) and enrofloxacin (18.3%). The strains were discriminated in 17 different resistance profiles, the most frequent profile consisted of 39 strains (42%) resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, florfenicol, sulfadimetoxin, gentamicin, tulathromycin, tylosin, tilmicosin, tiamulin and clindamycin. Analysis of the strains by AFLP indicated that all 93 strains were grouped into a single profile with more than 94% similarity. From the data obtained it is possible to verify that the strains of S. Choleraesuis isolated from pigs presented low genetic variability and high frequency of resistance to the antimicrobials most used in swine production systems

Isolation and characterization of Enterococcus faecalis resistant to vancomicyn or high concentrations of aminoglycosides from pigs in Brazil

Agentes causadores de infecções urinárias, endocardites, meningites e septicemias os membros do gênero Enterococcus ganharam grande importância epidemiológica nos últimos anos, já que possuem resistência, tanto intrínseca quanto adquirida, a uma ampla gama de antibióticos. Entre as trinta e seis espécies descritas atualmente, duas recebem maior destaque,E. fecalis e E. faecium devido à alta frequência de multirresistência a antimicrobianos e a sua maior participação nos casos de infecções humanas. Vários estudos tem associado o uso de facilitadores de crescimento em animais de produção com o aumento da frequência de multirresistência em várias espécies de Enterococcus. Diante do exposto, no presente estudo foram avaliadas 245 cepas de Enterococcus faecalis isoladas de 171 suínos comercias quanto ao perfil de resistência a antimicrobianos através da determinação da concentração inibitória mínima e quanto ao perfil genotípico através da eletroforese em campo pulsado. As maiores taxas de resistência observadas foram contra a tilosina (98,7%) e lincomicina (98,7%), seguidas pela tetraciclina (97,1%), eritromicina (96,7%), estreptomicina (96,3%), combinação quinupristinadalfopristina (95,5%), kanamicina (93,8%), gentamicina (85,3%), ciprofloxacina (76,7%) e cloranfenicol (71,8%). Não foram identificadas cepas resistentes a vancomicina e a taxa de resistência a princípios como daptomicina (0,4,%), nitrofurantoína (1,2%) e tigeciclina (1,6%) foi baixa. Através da eletroforese em campo pulsado as cepas foram agrupadas em 109 pulsotipos, não havendo grupamentos diretamente relacionados ao perfil de resistência. As cepas foram agrupadas em maior frequência, de acordo com o animal e a granja de origem. No Brasil, o uso de avoparcina em suinocultura não foi muito intensivo, o que provavelmente não contribuiu para a seleção de cepas resistentes a vancomicina, no entanto, a resistência a altos níveis de gentamicina e estreptomicina é alarmante, e devido à importância destes antimicrobianos no tratamento das infecções humanas por Enterococcus, estes níveis de resistência deveriam ser monitorados em isolados de origem animal e ambiental.Causative agents of urinary tract infections, endocarditis, meningitis and septicemia members of the genus Enterococcus gained great epidemiological importance in the last years, due to resistance, both intrinsic and acquired a wide range of antibiotics. Among the thirty-six species currently described two receive greater emphasis, E. faecalis and E. faecium due to the high frequency of multidrug resistance to antimicrobial agents and their greater involvement in cases of human infections. Several studies have associated the use of growth promoters in production animals to increase the frequency of multidrug resistance in various species of Enterococci. On the exposed, in the present study, 245 strains of E. faecalis isolated from 171 commercial pigs were evaluated for the antimicrobial resistance profile by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration and for the genotypic profile by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. The highest resistance rates were observed against tylosin (98.7 %) and lincomycin (98.7 %), followed by tetracycline (97.1 %), erythromycin (96.7%), streptomycin (96.3%), a combination quinupristin - dalfopristin (95.5 %), kanamycin (93.8 %), gentamicin (85.3 %), ciprofloxacin (76.7 %) and chloramphenicol (71.8%). Strains resistant to vancomycin were not found, and the rate of resistance to daptomycin (0.4 %), nitrofurantoin (1.2%) and tigecycline (1.6%) was low. By pulsed field gel electrophoresis the strains were grouped into 109 pulsotypes, with no groups directly related to the resistance profile. The strains were grouped into higher frequency, according to the animal and farm of origin. In Brazil, the use of avoparcin in swine production was not very intensive, which probably contribute to the low selection of vancomycin-resistant strains, however, resistance to high levels of gentamicin and streptomycin is alarming, and because of the importance of these antimicrobials in treatment of human infections caused by Enterococcus, these resistance levels should be monitored in isolates of animal and environmental origin

Virulence Genes and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Pasteurella multocida Strains Isolated from Rabbits in Brazil

Pasteurella multocida is responsible for a wide range of diseases in domestic animals. In rabbits, the agent is related to nasal discharge, pneumonia, otitis media, pyometra, orchitis, abscess, and septicemia. One hundred and forty rabbits with respiratory diseases from four rabbitries in São Paulo State, Brazil were evaluated for the detection of P. multocida in their nasal cavities. A total of twenty-nine animals were positive to P. multocida isolation, and 46 strains were selected and characterized by means of biochemical tests and PCR. P. multocida strains were tested for capsular type, virulence genes, and resistance profile. A total of 45.6% (21/46) of isolates belonged to capsular type A, and 54.34% (25/46) of the isolates were untypeable. None of the strains harboured toxA or pfhA genes. The frequency of the other twenty genes tested was variable, and the data generated was used to build a dendrogram, showing the relatedness of strains, which were clustered according to origin. Resistance revealed to be more common against sulfonamides and cotrimoxazole, followed by erythromycin, penicillin, and amoxicillin

Colistin Resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica Strains Isolated from Swine in Brazil

Reports about acquired resistance to colistin in different bacteria species are increasing, including E. coli of animal origin, but reports of resistance in wild S. enterica of different serotypes from swine are not found in the literature. Results obtained with one hundred and twenty-six E. coli strains from diseased swine and one hundred and twenty-four S. enterica strains from diseased and carrier swine showed a frequency of 6.3% and 21% of colistin-resistant strains, respectively. When comparing the disk diffusion test with the agar dilution test to evaluate the strains, it was confirmed that the disk diffusion test is not recommended to evaluate colistin resistance as described previously. The colistin MIC 90 and MIC 50 values obtained to E. coli were 0.25 μg/mL and 0.5 μg/mL, the MIC 90 and MIC 50 to S. enterica were 1 μg/mL and 8 μg/mL. Considering the importance of colistin in control of nosocomial human infections with Gram-negative multiresistant bacteria, and the large use of this drug in animal production, the colistin resistance prevalence in enterobacteriaceae of animal origin must be monitored more closely

Actinobaculum suis Detection Using Polymerase Chain Reaction

Actinobaculum suis is an important agent related to urinary infection in swine females. Due to its fastidious growth characteristics, the isolation of this anaerobic bacterium is difficult, thus impairing the estimation of its prevalence. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection and identification of A. suis and then compare these results with traditional isolation methods. Bacterial isolation and PCR were performed on one hundred and ninety-two urine samples from sows and forty-five preputial swabs from boars. The results indicate that this PCR was specific for A. suis, presenting a detection limit between 1.0×101 CFU/mL and 1.0×102 CFU/mL. A. suis frequencies, as measured by PCR, were 8.9% (17/192) in sow urine samples and 82.2% (37/45) in preputial swabs. Assessed using conventional culturing techniques, none of the urine samples were positive for A. suis; however, A. suis was detected in 31.1% (14/45) of the swabs. This PCR technique was shown to be an efficient method for the detection of A. suis in urine and preputial swabs