Correlação e análise de trilha para componentes de produção de milho superdoce

Em programas de melhoramento genético, informações sobre a correlação entre caracteres são de grande importância para se aperfeiçoar a seleção simultânea de caracteres. Contudo, a quantificação e a interpretação da magnitude de uma correlação podem resultar em equívocos na estratégia de seleção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, por meio da análise de trilha, as relações, direta e indireta, entre os componentes primários de produção e a produtividade de espiga de milho superdoce, e identificar os caracteres que mais contribuem para a produtividade de espiga (variável básica). Verifica-se que as variáveis utilizadas explicaram 94,77% da variação do peso de espiga (R²). Pela análise de trilha, apenas dois caracteres, o volume do grão (0, 2637) e o volume de espiga (0, 2536), apresentaram efeito direto na produção. Constata-se, portanto, que, apesar de a maioria dos caracteres apresentarem altas estimativas de correlação, essas ocorreram por efeitos indiretos de outros caracteres. Assim, tanto para seleção direta, quanto para seleção indireta, essas características são eficientes no aumento do peso médio da espiga de milho superdoce. Neste caso, a melhor estratégia seria a seleção simultânea de caracteres, enfatizando-se as características cujos efeitos indiretos são maiores. É oportuno salientar que o volume de grão e volume de espiga apresentaram maiores herdabilidades, quando comparados com peso de espigas, ou seja, 91,92, 88,6 e 80,52%, respectivamente. A alta herdabilidade estimada (91,92 e 88,6%) é um indicativo de possibilidades de elevados ganhos genéticos na seleção

Correction: Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP) Triggered by Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS): A Promising Tool to Assess Spinal Cord Function in Schistosomal Myeloradiculopathy.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004672.]

Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP) Triggered by Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS): A Promising Tool to Assess Spinal Cord Function in Schistosomal Myeloradiculopathy

<div><p>Background</p><p>Schistosomal myeloradiculopathy (SMR), the most severe and disabling ectopic form of <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> infection, is caused by embolized ova eliciting local inflammation in the spinal cord and nerve roots. The treatment involves the use of praziquantel and long-term corticotherapy. The assessment of therapeutic response relies on neurological examination. Supplementary electrophysiological exams may improve prediction and monitoring of functional outcome. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) triggered by galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) is a simple, safe, low-cost and noninvasive electrophysiological technique that has been used to test the vestibulospinal tract in motor myelopathies. This paper reports the results of VEMP with GVS in patients with SMR.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A cross-sectional comparative study enrolled 22 patients with definite SMR and 22 healthy controls that were submitted to clinical, neurological examination and GVS. Galvanic stimulus was applied in the mastoid bones in a transcranial configuration for testing VEMP, which was recorded by electromyography (EMG) in the gastrocnemii muscles. The VEMP variables of interest were blindly measured by two independent examiners. They were the short-latency (SL) and the medium-latency (ML) components of the biphasic EMG wave.</p><p>Results</p><p>VEMP showed the components SL (p = 0.001) and ML (p<0.001) delayed in SMR compared to controls. The delay of SL (p = 0.010) and of ML (p = 0.020) was associated with gait dysfunction.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>VEMP triggered by GVS identified alterations in patients with SMR and provided additional functional information that justifies its use as a supplementary test in motor myelopathies.</p></div

SL and ML electromyographic normal responses to galvanic stimulation in comparison to abnormal responses.

<p>(A) Normal responses: superimposed traces of two polarities (cathode right anode left and then cathode left and anode right) reveal inversion of waves and define short-latency (SL) and medium-latency (ML) onsets points. The continuous vertical thick line indicates the galvanic vestibular stimulus onset. (B) Abnormal responses: no identification of SL or ML waves.</p

Frequency of clinical manifestations of 22 patients with schistosomal myeloradiculopathy.

<p>Frequency of clinical manifestations of 22 patients with schistosomal myeloradiculopathy.</p

Osteopontin is upregulated in human and murine acute schistosomiasis mansoni

Background Symptomatic acute schistosomiasis mansoni is a systemic hypersensitivity reaction against the migrating schistosomula and mature eggs after a primary infection. The mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of acute schistosomiasis are not fully elucidated. Osteopontin has been implicated in granulomatous reactions and in acute hepatic injury. Our aims were to evaluate if osteopontin plays a role in acute Schistosoma mansoni infection in both human and experimentally infected mice and if circulating OPN levels could be a novel biomarker of this infection. Methodology/Principal Findings Serum/plasma osteopontin levels were measured by ELISA in patients with acute (n = 28), hepatointestinal (n = 26), hepatosplenic (n = 39) schistosomiasis and in uninfected controls (n = 21). Liver osteopontin was assessed by immunohistochemistry in needle biopsies of 5 patients. Sera and hepatic osteopontin were quantified in the murine model of schistosomiasis mansoni during acute (7 and 8 weeks post infection, n = 10) and chronic (30 weeks post infection, n = 8) phase. Circulating osteopontin levels are increased in patients with acute schistosomiasis (p = 0.0001). The highest levels of OPN were observed during the peak of clinical symptoms (7-11 weeks post infection), returning to baseline level once the granulomas were modulated (&amp;gt;12 weeks post infection). The plasma levels in acute schistosomiasis were even higher than in hepatosplenic patients. The murine model mirrored the human disease. Macrophages were the major source of OPN in human and murine acute schistosomiasis, while the ductular reaction maintains OPN production in hepatosplenic disease. Soluble egg antigens from S. mansoni induced OPN expression in primary human kupffer cells. Conclusions/Significance S. mansoni egg antigens induce the production of OPN by macrophages in the necroticexudative granulomas characteristic of acute schistosomiasis mansoni. Circulating OPN levels are upregulated in human and murine acute schistosomiasis and could be a noninvasive biomarker of this form of disease

SL and ML in schistosomal myeloradiculopathy patients and controls analyzed by examiners A and B.

<p>SL and ML in schistosomal myeloradiculopathy patients and controls analyzed by examiners A and B.</p

Frequency of affected spinal cord segment of patients with schistosomal myeloradiculopathy.

<p>Frequency of affected spinal cord segment of patients with schistosomal myeloradiculopathy.</p

VEMP with galvanic vestibular stimulation being performed in a patient.

<p>VEMP with galvanic vestibular stimulation being performed in a patient.</p

Osteopontin Is Upregulated in Human and Murine Acute Schistosomiasis Mansoni

<div><p>Background</p><p>Symptomatic acute schistosomiasis mansoni is a systemic hypersensitivity reaction against the migrating schistosomula and mature eggs after a primary infection. The mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of acute schistosomiasis are not fully elucidated. Osteopontin has been implicated in granulomatous reactions and in acute hepatic injury. Our aims were to evaluate if osteopontin plays a role in acute <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> infection in both human and experimentally infected mice and if circulating OPN levels could be a novel biomarker of this infection.</p><p>Methodology/Principal Findings</p><p>Serum/plasma osteopontin levels were measured by ELISA in patients with acute (n = 28), hepatointestinal (n = 26), hepatosplenic (n = 39) schistosomiasis and in uninfected controls (n = 21). Liver osteopontin was assessed by immunohistochemistry in needle biopsies of 5 patients. Sera and hepatic osteopontin were quantified in the murine model of schistosomiasis mansoni during acute (7 and 8 weeks post infection, n = 10) and chronic (30 weeks post infection, n = 8) phase. Circulating osteopontin levels are increased in patients with acute schistosomiasis (p = 0.0001). The highest levels of OPN were observed during the peak of clinical symptoms (7–11 weeks post infection), returning to baseline level once the granulomas were modulated (>12 weeks post infection). The plasma levels in acute schistosomiasis were even higher than in hepatosplenic patients. The murine model mirrored the human disease. Macrophages were the major source of OPN in human and murine acute schistosomiasis, while the ductular reaction maintains OPN production in hepatosplenic disease. Soluble egg antigens from <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i> induced OPN expression in primary human kupffer cells.</p><p>Conclusions/Significance</p><p><i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i> egg antigens induce the production of OPN by macrophages in the necrotic-exudative granulomas characteristic of acute schistosomiasis mansoni. Circulating OPN levels are upregulated in human and murine acute schistosomiasis and could be a non-invasive biomarker of this form of disease.</p></div