Conceptual design for spacelab pool boiling experiment

A pool boiling heat transfer experiment to be incorporated with a larger two-phase flow experiment on Spacelab was designed to confirm (or alter) the results of earth-normal gravity experiments which indicate that the hydrodynamic peak and minimum pool boiling heat fluxes vanish at very low gravity. Twelve small sealed test cells containing water, methanol or Freon 113 and cylindrical heaters of various sizes are to be built. Each cell will be subjected to one or more 45 sec tests in which the surface heat flux on the heaters is increased linearly until the surface temperature reaches a limiting value of 500 C. The entire boiling process will be photographed in slow-motion. Boiling curves will be constructed from thermocouple and electric input data, for comparison with the motion picture records. The conduct of the experiment will require no more than a few hours of operator time

A Case Study of Fall versus Spring Calving for the Rocky Mountain West

Feeder cattle prices are generally lower in the fall, when the volume of calves for sale is highest. Most ranches in the Rocky Mountains calve in March or April, which results in the sale of weaned calves in October, when feeder cattle prices tend to be lowest. This study was initiated with the idea that a rancher might improve profitability by switching to fall calving, which would enable them to sell calves in April at a higher price. In this study, fall calving generated both higher and less variable profit, but mainly because of cost savings.Livestock Production/Industries,

Reforming marketing for sustainability: towards a framework for evolved marketing

This paper seeks to provide guidance to the question ‘how can we evolve marketing so that it becomes a force for sustainability?’. Much useful advice has been produced on the how existing norms of marketing can be applied to the topic of sustainability – for example, taking the marketing ‘Ps’ and integrating a sustainability approach into each. Many people on the ground trying to implement ‘Sustainable Marketing’ find that there is much high-level enthusiasm for this kind of change, at a management and strategic level, but this enthusiasm is quelled or blocked when the realities of day-to-day marketing activities are faced. Why is this? We conclude that many of the barriers marketers and organisations face in this respect is due to 1) A misalignment between the perceived role of marketing and sustainability 2) Lack of an agreed definition and structure for evolution that companies can follow and stakeholders can use to hold them accountable. This report therefore starts by looking at the very foundations of modern marketing and where best practice is pointing – both of which have the potential to provide a very suitable base for Sustainable Marketing, but equally they could motivate the opposite. By combining these insights with insights on what is required in order for social, economic and environmental sustainability to be met, we suggest that marketing needs to adopt an approach of ‘guide-an-co-create’ rather than a ‘make-and-sell’ or ‘sense-and-respond’ to its customers and society and put forward a set of 6 foundations that could form the basis of a ‘framework for evolved marketing’. These are: 1) Pursue a relentless focus on understanding and satisfying real primary needs 2) Acknowledge the critical leadership role marketing plays 3) Recognise and build upon relationships 4) Adopt a long-term sustainability mindset 5) Take a rigorous approach to measuring the sustainability of all marketing decisions 6) Put marketing at the heart of all organisational strategic decisions This report is intended to provide the starting point for discussion about if there is support for a framework that might be used in the way a voluntary code might, and if so, are the 6 suggested here the right ones? The hard work then comes when companies work with the framework to innovate their own examples of best practice in each. Through this practice sector level key performance indicators and benchmarks are likely to evolve. By using a question based maturity –matrix style approach (as has been used successfully in other sustainability settings) it will therefore become clear over time, which companies are leading in this area and can make valid claims and those who are not. The framework presented is intended to support organisations in setting their strategic direction so that it is aligned with sustainability though its marketing - which in advanced companies should be driving their strategic direction. It is equally intended to support the journey of those who are doing marketing on a day-to-day basis – both those who formally consider them to be marketers as well as the many, many people who are doing marketing but don’t define themselves in that way. We believe that by providing a common language and common direction for the evolution of marketing, it could become a key driving force for a sustainable future

The joint US/UK 1990 epoch world magnetic model

A detailed summary of the data used, analyses performed, modeling techniques employed, and results obtained in the course of the 1990 Epoch World Magnetic Modeling effort are given. Also, use and limitations of the GEOMAG algorithm are presented. Charts and tables related to the 1990 World Magnetic Model (WMM-90) for the Earth's main field and secular variation in Mercator and polar stereographic projections are presented along with useful tables of several magnetic field components and their secular variation on a 5-degree worldwide grid

Obscuration of the Parsec Scale Jets in the Compact Symmetric Object 1946+708

We present results of VLA and VLBA observations of the 1.420 GHz neutral hydrogen absorption associated with the Compact Symmetric Object 1946+708 (z=0.101). We find significant structure in the gas on parsec scales. The peak column density in the HI (N_HI~2.2x10^23 cm^-2 (T_s/8000K)) occurs toward the center of activity of the source, as does the highest velocity dispersion (FWHM~350 \kms). In addition, we find that the continuum spectra of the various radio components associated with these jets strongly indicate free-free absorption. This effect is particularly pronounced toward the core and inner components of the receding jet, suggesting the presence of a screen local to the source, perhaps part of an obscuring torus.Comment: revised version, some text added, 1 figure changed; accepted to Astrophysical Journal, 22 page LaTeX document includes 8 postscript figure

Refractive Index of Humid Air in the Infrared: Model Fits

The theory of summation of electromagnetic line transitions is used to tabulate the Taylor expansion of the refractive index of humid air over the basic independent parameters (temperature, pressure, humidity, wavelength) in five separate infrared regions from the H to the Q band at a fixed percentage of Carbon Dioxide. These are least-squares fits to raw, highly resolved spectra for a set of temperatures from 10 to 25 C, a set of pressures from 500 to 1023 hPa, and a set of relative humidities from 5 to 60%. These choices reflect the prospective application to characterize ambient air at mountain altitudes of astronomical telescopes.Comment: Corrected exponents of c0ref, c1ref and c1p in Table

The Effect of the Pendency of Claims for Compensation Upon Behavior Indicative of Pain

Recent theories endeavoring to explain manifestations of pain in humans have increasingly recognized the effect of sociological and psychological processes on pain.This article reports findings made in a research project based on the hypothesis that the pendency of a claim for compensation has the effect of causing greater, more intense, and more persistent pain than would otherwise be experienced if persons had not sought compensation. The study assumed that pain can most accurately be measured by observing behavior indicative of pain and focused on data reflecting such behavior. The lawyer-author of this article thought the study might demonstrate that current compensation practices are a significant cause of pain behavior, and anticipated that such a finding could lead to revision of claims procedures or even changes in methods of compensation. The project revealed, however, no significant effects of either litigation or representation by attorneys upon the pain behavior of persons having workmen\u27s compensation claims with the Department of Labor and Industries of the State of Washington