Natural Philosophy and Theology in Seventeenth-Century England

This thesis explores the disciplinary relationship between natural philosophy (the study of nature or body) and theology (the study of the divine) in seventeenth-century England. Early modern disciplines had two essential functions. First, they set the rules and boundaries of argument – knowledge was therefore legitimised and made intelligible within disciplinary contexts. And second, disciplines structured pedagogy, parcelling knowledge so it could be studied and taught. This dual role meant disciplines were epistemic and social structures. They were composed of various elements, and consequently, they related to one another in a variety of complex ways. As such, the contestability of early modern knowledge was reflected in contestability of disciplines – their content and boundaries. Francis Bacon, Thomas White, Henry More and John Locke are the focus of the four chapters respectively, with Joseph Glanvill, Thomas Hobbes, other Cambridge divines, and a variety of medieval scholastic authors providing context, comparison and reinforcement. These case studies offer a cross-section of seventeenth-century thought and belief; they embody different professional and institutional interests, and represent an array of philosophical, theological and religious positions. Nevertheless, each of them, in different ways, and to different effect, put the relationship between natural philosophy and theology at the heart of their intellectual endeavours. Together, they demonstrate that, in seventeenth-century England, natural philosophy and theology were in flux, and that their disciplinary relationship was complex, entailing degrees of overlap and alienation. Primarily, natural philosophy and theology investigated the nature and constitution of the world, and, together, determined the relationship between its constituent parts – natural and divine. However, they also reflected the scope of man’s cognitive faculties, establishing which bits of the world were knowable, and outlining the grounds for, and appropriate degrees of, certainty and belief. Thus, both disciplines, and their relationship with one another, contributed to broad discussions about, truth, certainty and opinion. This, in turn, established normative guidelines. To some extent, the rightness or wrongness of belief and behaviour was determined by particular definitions of, and relationship between, natural philosophy and theology. Consequently, man’s place in the world – his relationship with nature, God and his fellow man – was triangulated through these disciplines.CHES

DEVELOPMENT OF VAPOR-PHASE DEPOSITED THREE DIMENSIONAL ALL-SOLID-STATE BATTERIES

Thin film solid state batteries (SSBs) are an attractive energy storage technology due to their intrinsic safety, stability, and tailorable form factor. However, as thin film SSBs are typically fabricated only on planar substrates by line-of-sight deposition techniques (e.g. RF sputtering or evaporation), their areal energy storage capacity (< 1 mWh/cm2) and application space is highly limited. Moving to three dimensional architectures provides fundamentally new opportunities in power/energy areal density scaling, but requires a new fabrication process. In this thesis, we describe the development of the first solid state battery chemistry which is grown entirely by atomic layer deposition (ALD), a conformal, vapor-phase deposition technique. We first show the importance of full self-alignment of the active battery layers by measuring and modelling the effects of nonuniform architectures (i.e. does not reduce to a one-dimensional system) on the internal reaction current distribution. By fabricating electrochemical test structures for which generated electrochemical gradients are parallel to the surface, we directly quantify the insertion of lithium into a model cathode material (V2O5) using spatially-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Using this new technique, we show that poorly electrically contacted high aspect ratio structures show highly nonuniform reaction current distributions, which we describe using an analytical mathematical model incorporating nonlinear Tafel kinetics. A finite-element model incorporating the effects of Li-doping on the local electrical conductivity of V2O5, which was found to be important in describing the observed distributions, is also described. Next, we describe the development of a novel solid state electrolyte, lithium polyphosphazene (LPZ), grown by ALD. We explore the thermal ALD reaction between lithium tert-butoxide and diethyl phosphoramidate, which exhibits self-limiting half-reactions and a growth rate of 0.09 nm/cycle at 300C. The resulting films are primarily characterized by in-situ XPS, AFM, cyclic voltammetry, and impedance spectroscopy. The ALD reaction forms the amorphous product Li2PO2N along with residual hydrocarbon contamination, which is determined to be a promising solid electrolyte with an ionic conductivity of 6.5 × 10-7 S/cm at 35C and wide electrochemical stability window of 0-5.3 V vs. Li/Li+ . The ALD LPZ is integrated into a variety of solid state batteries to test its compatibility with common electrode materials, including LiCoO2 and LiV2O5, as well as flexible substrates. We demonstrate solid state batteries with extraordinarily thin solid state electrolytes, mitigating the moderate ionic conductivity (< 40 nm). Finally, we describe the successful integration of the ALD LPZ into the first all-ALD solid state battery stack, which is conformally deposited onto 3D micromachined silicon substrates and is fabricated entirely at or below 250C. The battery includes ALD current collectors (Ru and TiN), an electrochemically formed LiV2O5 cathode, and a novel ALD tin nitride conversion-type anode. The full cell exhibits a reversible capacity of ~35 μAh cm-2 μmLVO -1 with an average discharge voltage of ~2V. We also describe a novel fabrication process for forming all-ALD battery cells, which is challenging due to ALD’s incompatibility with conventional lithography. By growing the batteries into 3D arrays of varying aspect ratios, we demonstrate upscaling the areal capacity of the battery by approximately one order of magnitude while simultaneously improving the rate performance and round-trip efficiency

Wind characteristics over complex terrain: laboratory simulation and field measurements at Rakaia Gorge, New Zealand: final report, part II

CER77-78RNM29.Prepared for the United States Department of Energy, Division of Solar Technology, Federal Wind Energy Program.DOE contract no. EY-76-S06-2438, A001.Includes bibliographical references (pages 93-102).May 1978

Chronic thoracic hemisection spinal cord injury in adult rats induces a progressive decline in transmission from uninjured fibers to lumbar motoneurons

Although most spinal cord injuries are anatomically incomplete, only limited functional recovery has been observed in people and rats with partial lesions. To address why surviving fibers cannot mediate more complete recovery, we evaluated the physiological and anatomical status of spared fibers after unilateral hemisection (HX) of thoracic spinal cord in adult rats. We made intracellular and extracellular recordings at L5 (below HX) in response to electrical stimulation of contralateral white matter above (T6) and below (L1) HX. Responses from T6 displayed reduced amplitude, increased latency and elevated stimulus threshold in the fibers across from HX, beginning 1-2 weeks after HX. Ultrastructural analysis revealed demyelination of intact axons contralateral to the HX, with a time course similar to the conduction changes. Behavioral studies indicated partial recovery which arrested when conduction deficits began. These findings suggest a chronic pathological state in intact fibers and necessity for prompt treatment to minimize it

Intertidal transect studies of northern Monterey Bay

In accordance with a contract dated 10/22/71 between the Association of the Monterey Bay Area Governments (AMBAG) and the University of California, Santa Cruz, (UCSC), two permanent intertidal transects with 14 permanent meter-square quadrats were established on the north shore of Monterey Bay during November, 1971. One transect (6 quadrats) was placed on the shore near the Santa Cruz Sanitation outfall, while the second (8 quadrats) was placed near the Eastcliff Sanitation District outfall at Soquel Polnt (Pleasure Point). Animals and plants within the quadrats were listed, their abundance estimated, and representative specimens collected for a reference collection maintained at UCSC. Additional species of animals and plants in the areas of the transects were collected for the reference collection. These collections will serve as a base-line for comparative studies which can follow the magnitude and direction of future changes in these areas

Risk Factors for Age-Related Maculopathy

Age-related maculopathy (ARM) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly. Although beneficial therapeutic strategies have recently begun to emerge, much remains unclear regarding the etiopathogenesis of this disorder. Epidemiologic studies have enhanced our understanding of ARM, but the data, often conflicting, has led to difficulties with drawing firm conclusions with respect to risk for this condition. As a consequence, we saw a need to assimilate the published findings with respect to risk factors for ARM, through a review of the literature appraising results from published cross-sectional studies, prospective cohort studies, case series, and case control studies investigating risk for this condition. Our review shows that, to date, and across a spectrum of epidemiologic study designs, only age, cigarette smoking, and family history of ARM have been consistently demonstrated to represent risk for this condition. In addition, genetic studies have recently implicated many genes in the pathogenesis of age-related maculopathy, including Complement Factor H, PLEKHA 1, and LOC387715/HTRA1, demonstrating that environmental and genetic factors are important for the development of ARM suggesting that gene-environment interaction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this condition

Single-Cell Detection of Secreted A and sAPP from Human IPSC-Derived Neurons and Astrocytes

Secreted factors play a central role in normal and pathological processes in every tissue in the body. The brain is composed of a highly complex milieu of different cell types and few methods exist that can identify which individual cells in a complex mixture are secreting specific analytes. By identifying which cells are responsible, we can better understand neural physiology and pathophysiology, more readily identify the underlying pathways responsible for analyte production, and ultimately use this information to guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies that target the cell types of relevance. We present here a method for detecting analytes secreted from single human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural cells and have applied the method to measure amyloid β (Aβ) and soluble amyloid precursor protein-alpha (sAPPα), analytes central to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Through these studies, we have uncovered the dynamic range of secretion profiles of these analytes from single iPSC-derived neuronal and glial cells and have molecularly characterized subpopulations of these cells through immunostaining and gene expression analyses. In examining Aβ and sAPPα secretion from single cells, we were able to identify previously unappreciated complexities in the biology of APP cleavage that could not otherwise have been found by studying averaged responses over pools of cells. This technique can be readily adapted to the detection of other analytes secreted by neural cells, which would have the potential to open new perspectives into human CNS development and dysfunction.W. M. Keck FoundationNational Institute of Mental Health (U.S.) (R21MH096233)National Institute on Aging (R33AG049864)National Cancer Institute (U.S.) (P30-CA14051

An agenda for future research regarding the mental health of young people with care experience

Young people who are currently or were previously in state care have consistently been found to have much higher rates of mental health and neurodevelopmental difficulties than the general youth population. While a number of high-quality reviews highlight what research has been undertaken in relation to the mental health of young people with care experience and the gaps in our knowledge and understanding, there is, until now, no consensus, so far as we aware, as to where our collective research efforts should be directed with this important group. Through a series of UK wide workshops, we undertook a consultative process to identify an agreed research agenda between those with lived experience of being in care (n = 15), practitioners, policy makers and researchers (n = 59), for future research regarding the mental health of young people with care experience, including those who are neurodiverse/have a neurodevelopmental difficulty. This consensus statement identified 21 foci within four broad categories: how we conceptualize mental health; under-studied populations; under-studied topics; and underused methodologies. We hope that those who commission, fund and undertake research will engage in this discussion about the future agenda for research regarding the mental health of young people with care experience