Diabetes and the risk of prostate cancer

Zarówno cukrzyca, jak i rak prostaty są chorobami, które obecnie uważa się za światowe epidemie. Cukrzyca jest jedną z najszybciej rozpowszechniających się chorób, zaś rak prostaty jest drugim najczęściej rozpoznawanym na świecie nowotworem wśród mężczyzn i charakteryzuje się największym po raku płuca wskaźnikiem śmiertelności w Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki (USA). Większość badań epidemiologicznych wskazuje, iż występowanie cukrzycy wiąże się ze zmniejszonym ryzykiem rozwoju raka prostaty. Jednak przyczyna tego zjawiska pozostaje niewyjaśniona. Na rozwój obu powyższych jednostek chorobowych mają wpływ zarówno czynniki środowiskowe, hormonalne, immunologiczne, jak i genetyczne. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono  wybrane czynniki, które mogą tłumaczyć odwrotną korelację pomiędzy ryzykiem występowania raka prostaty a cukrzycą oraz  hipotezy dotyczące tej zależności.Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the fastest deadlygrowing diseases around the world and prostate cancer (CaP) is one of the most common types ofcancer among men and it has the highest mortalityafter lung cancer in the United States of America(USA). It is interesting that epidemiologic evidencesuggests that the occurrence of DM is related toa decreased CaP risk. The cause of this associationremains largely unknown. DM and CaP are influencedby many factors, e.g.: environmental, hormonal,immunological and genetic. The aim of this studywas to underline the role of certain factors thatmay influence the inverse relationship betweenprostate cancer and diabetes and to asses thecurrently proposed hypotheses for understandingthe mecha-nism of this process

Additions to the lichen biota of the Sudety Mountains. I. Records from the Karkonosze Mountains

Records of 10 rare and noteworthy lichen species in Poland have been presented. Four species, Japewia subaurea, Myriolecis persimilis, Palicella filamentosa, and Scoliciosporum sarothamni are new to the Polish part of the Sudetes. Anisomeridium polypori and Pyrenula coryli are new species to the Karkonosze Mountains

Loss of Deacetylation Enzymes Hdac6 and Sirt2 Promotes Acetylation of Cytoplasmic Tubulin, but Suppresses Axonemal Acetylation in Zebrafish Cilia.

Cilia are evolutionarily highly conserved organelles with important functions in many organs. The extracellular component of the cilium protruding from the plasma membrane comprises an axoneme composed of microtubule doublets, arranged in a 9 + 0 conformation in primary cilia or 9 + 2 in motile cilia. These microtubules facilitate transport of intraflagellar cargoes along the axoneme. They also provide structural stability to the cilium, which may play an important role in sensory cilia, where signals are received from the movement of extracellular fluid. Post-translational modification of microtubules in cilia is a well-studied phenomenon, and acetylation on lysine 40 (K40) of alpha tubulin is prominent in cilia. It is believed that this modification contributes to the stabilization of cilia. Two classes of enzymes, histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases, mediate regulation of tubulin acetylation. Here we use a genetic approach, immunocytochemistry and behavioral tests to investigate the function of tubulin deacetylases in cilia in a zebrafish model. By mutating three histone deacetylase genes (Sirt2, Hdac6, and Hdac10), we identify an unforeseen role for Hdac6 and Sirt2 in cilia. As expected, mutation of these genes leads to increased acetylation of cytoplasmic tubulin, however, surprisingly it caused decreased tubulin acetylation in cilia in the developing eye, ear, brain and kidney. Cilia in the ear and eye showed elevated levels of mono-glycylated tubulin suggesting a compensatory mechanism. These changes did not affect the length or morphology of cilia, however, functional defects in balance was observed, suggesting that the level of tubulin acetylation may affect function of the cilium