School nutrition guidelines: overview of the implementation and evaluation

Objective To holistically evaluate the extent of implementation of dietary guidelines in schools and present various monitoring systems. Design The study comprises three methods: (i) a cross-sectional survey (process evaluation); (ii) an indicator-based evaluation (menu quality); and (iii) a 5 d weighed food record of school lunches (output evaluation). Setting Slovenian primary schools. Subjects A total 234 food-service managers from 488 schools completed a self-administrated questionnaire for process evaluation; 177 out of 194 randomly selected schools provided menus for menu quality evaluation; and 120 school lunches from twenty-four schools were measured and nutritionally analysed for output evaluation. Results The survey among food-service managers revealed high levels of implementation at almost all process evaluation areas of the guidelines. An even more successful implementation of these guidelines was found in relation to organization cultural issues as compared with technical issues. Differences found in some process evaluation areas were related to location, size and socio-economic characteristics of schools. Evaluation of school menu quality demonstrated that score values followed a normal distribution. Higher (better) nutrition scores were found in larger-sized schools and corresponding municipalities with higher socio-economic status. School lunches did not meet minimum recommendations for energy, carbohydrates or dietary fibre intake, nor for six vitamins and three (macro, micro and trace) elements. Conclusions The implementation of the guidelines was achieved differently at distinct levels. The presented multilevel evaluation suggests that different success in implementation might be attributed to different characteristics of individual schools. System changes might also be needed to support and improve implementation of the guidelines

Changes in composition and pore space of sand rocks in the oil water contact zone (section YU[1] {3-4}, Klyuchevskaya area, Tomsk region)

The article provides an analysis of specific features in changes of rocks in the oil water contact zone. The object of study is the formation YU[1] {3-4} (J[3]o[1]) of Klyuchevskaya oil deposit (West Siberian oil-gas province, Tomsk region). The research data allow the authors to determine vertical zoning of the surface structure and identify the following zones: oil saturation (weak alteration), bitumen-content dissolution, non-bitumen-content dissolution, cementation, including rocks not affected by hydrocarbon deposit. The rocks under investigation are characterized by different changes in composition, pore space, as well as reservoir filtration and volumetric parameters. Detection of irregularity in distribution of void- pore space in oil-water contact zones is of great practical importance. It helps to avoid the errors in differential pressure drawdown and explain the origin of low-resistivity collectors

Larger foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Tethyan Paleocene and Eocene

Abundance, diversity, and high evolutionary rates make larger foraminifera useful biostratigraphic tools for datation of sediments deposited in shallow marine platforms. Twenty shallow benthic zones (SBZ) are defined in the time span ranging from the base of Paleocene up to the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. A SBZ zone is characterized upon the stratigraphic distribution of several taxa, belonging mainly to alveolinids, nummulitids and orthophragminids. The correlation of shallow benthic zones with the Paleocene-Eocene Time Scale by Berggren et al. [1995] is proposed on the basis of magnetostratigraphic data from the Pyrenean Basin and by biostratigraphic correlation with the biozonations of calcareous nannoplankton and planktonic foraminifera in the eastern and central part of Tethys

Tethyan Paleocene-Eocene Larger Foraminifera Biostratigraphy: Shallow Benthic Zones (SBZ)

(Fino al 2003, Acta Geologica Hispanica