11 research outputs found
Percepcija stresa i oboljenja medicinskih sestara i tehniÄara u psihijatriji
Homeostasis is important for maintaining balance and normal functioning of the organism. Allostatic mechanisms further help to establish this balance. If the body is under stress for a longer period, a complex condition in the body called allostatic load occurs. If such a load lasts longer, the risk of developing diseases increases significantly. This study was conducted anonymously with the aim of determining the health status of male and female nurses in the Neuropsychiatric hospital āDr. Ivan Barbotā in PopovaÄa and their exposure to everyday stressors in the workplace. The main purpose was to examine the relationship between stress and the health status of nurses in relation to gender, age, and seniority. A total of 142 nurses participated. The Health Questionnaire and Workplace Stress Questionnaire were used. The results showed that the most common diseases nurses suffer from are cardiovascular diseases, thyroid diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, and allergies. Women showed higher sensitivity to stress than men. The most common stressors faced by nurses in the workplace are inadequate personal income, inadequate workspace and material resources for work, lack of staff, daily contingencies, 24-hour responsibility, and administrative work. This study found an association between age and, consequently, work experience with the likelihood of illness, although both the healthy and the sick perceive equal levels of stress. One disadvantage of this study is that it covers a large area and deals with general issues, but it can certainly be a starting point for further research. Many questions remain open, which means there is a need for further research and study of the link between stress and illness.Homeostaza u naÅ”em organizmu pokuÅ”ava održavati stabilnost koja je važna za normalno funkcioniranje organizma. Alostatski mehanizmi dodatno pomažu u uspostavljanju te ravnoteže. KroniÄni stres izaziva složeno stanje u organizmu koje se naziva alostatsko optereÄenje. Ako takvo optereÄenje potraje, znatno se poveÄava rizik od nastanka neke bolesti. Ovo istraživanje provedeno je anonimno u cilju utvrÄivanja zdravstvenog stanja medicinskih tehniÄara i medicinskih sestara u Neuropsihijatrijskoj bolnici āDr. Ivan Barbotā u PopovaÄi i njihova izloženost svakodnevnim stresorima na radnom mjestu. Glavna svrha bila je ispitati vezu izmeÄu stresa i zdravstvenog stanja medicinskih sestara u odnosu na spol, dob i staž. Sudjelovale su ukupno 142 medicinske sestre. Primijenjeni su zdravstveni upitnik i upitnik za stres na radnom mjestu. Rezultati su pokazali da su najÄeÅ”Äe bolesti od kojih boluju medicinske sestre kardiovaskularne bolesti, bolesti Å”titnjaÄe, gastrointestinalne bolesti i alergije. Žene su pokazale veÄu osjetljivost na stres od muÅ”karaca. NajÄeÅ”Äi stresori s kojima se medicinske sestre susreÄu na radnom mjestu jesu neadekvatna osobna primanja, neadekvatni radni prostor i materijalna sredstva za rad, nedostatak broja djelatnika, svakodnevne nepredviÄene situacije, 24-satna odgovornost i administrativni poslovi. NajÄeÅ”Äe bolesti ispitanika jesu kardiovaskularne bolesti, bolesti Å”titnjaÄe, gastrointestinalne bolesti i alergijske bolesti. Ovo istraživanje utvrdilo je povezanost dobi, posljediÄno i radnog staža s vjerojatnoÅ”Äu oboljenja, iako i zdravi i bolesni percipiraju podjednaku razinu stresa. Manjkavost je ovog istraživanja Å”to obuhvaÄa veliko podruÄje i bavi se opÄenitim stvarima, ali svakako može biti polaziÅ”te za daljnja preciznija istraživanja. I dalje ostaje mnogo otvorenih pitanja, Å”to otvara potrebu za daljnjim istraživanjima i prouÄavanjem poveznice izmeÄu stresa i bolesti
Stavovi zdravstvenih djelatnika i djelatnika osnovnih Ŕkola prema izdvajanju djece iz obitelji i udomiteljstvu
In Croatia, the process of deinstitutionalization of childcare is underway, and it should increase the placement of children in non institutional forms of care such as foster care. The aim of the study was to examine attitudes towards foster care and child separation among school and adult mental health professionals.
The sample consisted of 159 respondents (employees of elementary schools in Kutina, PopovaÄa and Velika Ludina and employees of the Neuropsychiatric Hospital āDr. Ivan Barbotā in PopovaÄa). The survey covered all relevant sociodemographic variables, and the Scale of Attitudes Towards Separation of Children from Family and the Attitudes Towards Foster Care Scale were used to examine attitudes [Kamenov, Sladovic Franz & Ajdukovic, 2005].
In the sample examined, attitudes to foster care and separation are slightly positive, indicating that there is plenty of room for activities aimed at empowering these views. If further attitudes are to be strengthened, therefore the population of potential future foster parents is also expected to expand.
It is important to highlight the role of healthcare professionals involved in the mental health care of foster children and to consider their role in modifying general attitudes towards foster care for children and their role in building an optimal foster care system.U Hrvatskoj je u tijeku proces deinstitucionalizacije skrbi za djecu u sklopu kojeg treba poveÄati smjeÅ”taj djece u izvaninstitucijske oblike skrbi poput udomiteljstva. Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati stavove prema udomiteljstvu i izdvajanju djece meÄu Å”kolskim djelatnicima i djelatnicima sektora mentalnog zdravlja odraslih, kao i razlike u stavovima izmeÄu dvije skupine struÄnjaka.
Uzorak je saÄinjavalo ukupno 159 ispitanika (djelatnici osnovnih Å”kola u Kutini, PopovaÄi i Velikoj Ludini te djelatnici Neuropsihijatrijske bolnice āDr. Ivan Barbotā u PopovaÄi). Istraživanjem su obuhvaÄene sve relevantne sociodemografske varijable, a za ispitivanje stavova primijenjena je Skala stavova prema izdvajanju djece iz obitelji te Skala stavova prema udomiteljstvu (Kamenov, SladoviÄ Franz i AjdukoviÄ, 2005).
U ispitanom uzorku stavovi o udomiteljstvu i izdvajanju blago su pozitivni, Å”to govori da ima prostora za provoÄenje aktivnosti usmjerenih na osnaživanje ovih stavova. Ako bi se radilo na dodatnom osnaživanju stavova, za oÄekivati je i Å”irenje populacije potencijalnih buduÄih udomitelja.
Važno je istaknuti ulogu zdravstvenih djelatnika koji su ukljuÄeni u skrb za mentalno zdravlje udomljene djece te razmotriti njihovu ulogu u modificiranju opÄih stavova prema udomljavanju djece, kao i njihovu ulogu u izgradnji optimalnog sustava udomljavanja
THE IMPACT OF NEUROMARCETING TO CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
U suvremenom poslovanju, sve viÅ”e poduzeÄa
odluÄuje se za neuromarketing koji im
uvelike može pomoÄi u istraživanju tržiÅ”ta,
želja i potreba potroÅ”aÄa. Neuromarketing se
definira kao spoj neuroznanosti i marketinga.
KoriŔtenjem neuroimaginga, odnosno slikovnih
prikaza mozga istraživaÄi mogu saznati jesu
li promidžbene poruke i kampanje nekog
poduzeÄa uÄinkovite i u kojoj mjeri. Iako je joÅ”
mlado podruÄje znanosti, neuromarketing je
zainteresirao mnoge znanstvenike, istraživaÄe,
poduzeÄa ali i potroÅ”aÄe. U ovom radu prikazani
su rezultati anketnog istraživanja na uzorku od
166 ispitanika-ica, koje je provedeno u razdoblju
od 24. lipnja 2016. do 28. srpnja 2016. godine
u kojem su se analizirali stavovi ispitanika-ica,
tj. potroÅ”aÄa-ica o primjeni neuromarketinÅ”kih
metoda u svrhu istraživanja potroÅ”aÄa, njihovu
upuÄenost u to podruÄje marketinga te djelovanje
neuromarketinga na ponaÅ”anje potroÅ”aÄa.
Temeljem provedenog anketnog istraživanja,
potvrÄeno je kako stupanj obrazovanja ispitanikaica
ima znaÄajan utjecaj na njihovo znanje
o subliminalnom oglaŔavanju. ViŔa razina
obrazovanja kod ispitanika-ica ima veÄi utjecaj
na znanje o subliminalnom oglaŔavanju, a nema
utjecaja na njihovo znanje o neuromarketingu.In modern business, more and more businesses
are deciding on neuromarketing that can greatly
assist them in market research, the desire and the
needs of their consumers.
Neuromarketing is defined as a compound
of neuroscience and marketing. By using
neuroimaging or image brain imaging, researchers
can find out whether advertising messages and
campaigns for a company are effective and how
much. Although still a small area of science,
neuromarketing has attracted many scientists,
researchers, businesses and consumers alike. This
paper presents the results of a survey of a sample
of 166 respondents, conducted in the period
from 24 June 2016 to 28 July 2016, in which
the attitudes of respondents, ie consumers about
the application neuromarketing methods for the
purpose of consumer research, their relevance to
marketing, and the activity of neuromarketing
on consumer behavior. Based on the survey
conducted, it was confirmed that the level of
education of respondents has a significant impact
on their knowledge of subliminal advertising. A
higher level of education among respondents has
a greater influence on knowledge of subliminal
advertising, and has no influence on their
knowledge of neuromarketing
Stigmatizacija alkoholiÄara i drugih visoko riziÄnih socijalnih skupina ā odnos sa spolom i vrstom zanimanja
Apart from functional problems that arise from the fact that they belong to certain vulnerable social categories (individuals with chronic illnesses and conditions, individuals belonging to minorities and marginalized groups, etc.), members of these groups also face the feeling of distancing and/or rejection by others, including health professionals. The main purpose of this research is to determine social distances towards alcoholics compared with other high-risk social groups and to check for possible differences in social distances (and stigmatization) of alcoholics with regard to gender and occupation type. On a sample of 230 respondents (a deliberate sample of health and non-health professionals, heterogeneous by socio-demographic characteristics), using the Bogardus social distance scale, we investigated social distances for certain social groups: drug addicts, alcoholics, homosexuals, mentally ill individuals and individuals with physical disabilities. The results have shown that individuals with physical disabilities are the least stigmatized group, while the most stigmatized are drug addicts, with alcoholics being second according to social distance. A similar trend was also found in groups of subjects of different sex as well as different types of occupation, with an exception that alcoholics were the most stigmatized group among health professionals, while drug addicts were second most stigmatized group. Sexual differences in social distance towards alcoholics have not been confirmed, nor the differences between the two observed groups of occupations. The research results provide the basic guidelines needed to design the process of destigmatization of alcoholics, as well as other vulnerable social groups studied, in the populations of both health and non-health professionals of both sexes.Uz probleme u funkcioniranju koji proizlaze iz Äinjenice da pripadaju odreÄenim osjetljivim socijalnim kategorijama (osobe s kroniÄnim bolestima i stanjima, pripadnici manjinskih i marginaliziranih skupina i dr.), pripadnici tih skupina suoÄavaju se i s osjeÄajem distanciranja i/ili odbacivanja od strane drugih ljudi, ukljuÄujuÄi i zdravstveno osoblje. Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi socijalne udaljenosti prema alkoholiÄarima u usporedbi s pojedinim drugim visoko riziÄnim socijalnim skupinama, te provjeriti eventualne razlike u socijalnim udaljenostima (i stigmatizaciji) alkoholiÄara s obzirom na spol i vrstu zanimanja. Na uzorku od 230 ispitanika (namjernog uzorka zdravstvenih i nezdravstvenih djelatnika, heterogenih po sociodemografskim obilježjima) primjenom Bogardusove ljestvice socijalne distance ispitivana je socijalna distanca prema odreÄenim socijalnim skupinama: narkomanima, alkoholiÄarima, homoseksualcima, psihiÄki bolesnim osobama i osobama s tjelesnim invaliditetom. Rezultati su pokazali da su osobe s tjelesnim invaliditetom najmanje stigmatizirana skupina, a najstigmatiziraniji su narkomani, dok su alkoholiÄari po socijalnoj distanci na visokom drugom mjestu. SliÄan trend pronaÄen je i unutar skupina ispitanika razliÄitog spola, kao i vrsta zanimanja, s tim da su se kod zdravstvenih djelatnika alkoholiÄari izdvojili kao najstigmatiziranija skupina, dok su se narkomani naÅ”li na drugom mjestu. Spolne razlike u socijalnoj distanci prema alkoholiÄarima nisu potvrÄene, kao ni razlike meÄu dvije promatrane skupine zanimanja. Rezultati istraživanja daju naÄelne smjernice potrebne za osmiÅ”ljavanje procesa destigmatizacije alkoholiÄara, ali i drugih ispitivanih riziÄnih socijalnih skupina, u populacijama zdravstvenih i nezdravstvenih djelatnika oba spola
Stigmatization of Psychiatric Patients ā Knowledge and Attitudes of Health and Non-health Professionals
Uz teÅ”koÄe u svakodnevnom djelovanju zbog simptoma svojih bolesti psihiÄki bolesnici se moraju suoÄiti i s osjeÄajem odbaÄenosti od drugih ljudi, a sve zbog straha od njihovih nepredvidivih reakcija. Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi razlike u znanjima i stavovima o stigmatizaciji psihiÄkih bolesnika u odnosu na vrstu zanimanja (zdravstveni, nezdravstveni djelatnici i psihijatrijsko osoblje), razinu obrazovanja (osnovno-srednjoÅ”kolsko obrazovanje, dodiplomska i sveuÄiliÅ”na diploma), spol i psihijatrijski hereditet u obitelji. Na uzorku od 243 ispitanika [namjernog uzorka zdravstvenih radnika (23,4%), nezdravstvenih radnika (49%) i psihijatrijskog osoblja (27,6%)], heterogenih prema sociodemografskim obilježjima) ispitani su znanje i stavovi prema psihiÄkim bolesnicima. U istraživanju je primijenjena Revidirana ljestvica za mjerenje stavova prema psihiÄkim bolesnicima izraÄena prema ljestvici Ljetne Å”kole studenata psihologije 2003. te Ljestvica znanja o psihiÄkim bolesnicima (SZPB) preuzeta iz istraživanja JokiÄ-BegiÄ, Kamenov, Lauri Korajlija, 2005. Rezultati su pokazali da psihijatrijsko osoblje ima veÄe znanje o karakteristikama mentalno oboljelih pojedinaca, lijeÄenju te o nastanku mentalnih bolesti od zdravstvenog i nezdravstvenog osoblja, a kod muÅ”karaca samo od zdravstvenih radnika. Nezdravstveno i zdravstveno osoblje viÅ”e od psihijatrijskog osoblja vjeruje da su s njima poželjni neposredni kontakti, osim kod muÅ”karaca gdje nisu pronaÄene razlike. Obrazovaniji ispitanici imaju veÄe znanje o psihiÄkim bolestima i smatraju u veÄoj mjeri da su psihiÄki bolesnici radno sposobni i ugodni, kao i da su s njima poželjni neposredni kontakti. Manje obrazovani ispitanici u veÄoj mjeri vjeruju da psihiÄki bolesnici zaslužuju poÅ”tovanje i suosjeÄanje kao ravnopravni Älanovi druÅ”tva. ZnaÄajne su razlike dobivene izmeÄu ispitanika sa psiholoÅ”kim hereditetom i bez psihijatrijskog herediteta u odnosu na jedan od aspekata stava. Ispitanici bez psihijatrijskog herediteta smatraju da osobe sa psihiÄkom bolesti zaslužuju viÅ”e poÅ”tovanja i suosjeÄanja. Rezultati pružaju okvirne smjernice potrebne za oblikovanje procesa destigmatizacije psihiÄkih bolesnika u populaciji zdravstvenih i nezdravstvenih struÄnjaka, kao i osobama razliÄitog stupnja obrazovanja, posebno onima koji rade s mentalno oboljelim pacijentima ili stupaju s njima u kontakt nakon hospitalizacije.With functional problems resulting from the symptoms of their illness, people with mental illness also face the feeling of being rejected by other people, partly because of the fear of their specific and unpredictable reactions. The objective of this study was to determine the differences in knowledge and attitudes regarding psychiatric patients affecting their stigmatization, with respect to the type of employment (health and non-health professionals and psychiatric personnel), level of education (elementary and secondary school, undergraduate degree, university degree), gender, and psychiatric heredity in the family. We used a sample of 243 respondents (intentional sample of health (23.4%), non-health professionals (49%), and psychiatric personnel (27.6%), heterogeneous by socio-demographic characteristics) to examine knowledge and attitudes towards individuals with mental illness using appropriate measuring instruments. The Revised Scale for Measuring Attitudes toward Mental Patients, developed according to the scale of the Summer School of Psychology Students in 2003, and the Scale of Knowledge on Mental Patients (SKMP) taken from the study by JokiÄ-BegiÄ, Kamenov, Lauri Korajlija, 2005, were applied. Psychiatric personnel were found to have more knowledge on the characteristics of individuals with mental illness as well as treatment and the development of mental illness regarding psychiatric patients compared with non-health and non-health professionals, and in men only compared with non-health professionals. Nonhealth and health professionals, to a greater extent than psychiatric personnel, feel that direct contact with individuals with mental illness was desirable, except in men where no differences were found. The more educated respondents had greater knowledge about individuals with mental illness and largely believed that individuals with mental illness are able to work and participate in the society as well as that direct contact with them was desirable. Respondents with lower educational status were more likely to believe that psychiatric patients deserve respect and compassion as equal members of society. Significant differences were found between subjects with and without psychiatric heredity in relation to one aspect of the attitude. Respondents without psychiatric heredity believe that people with mental illness deserve more respect and compassion. The results provide the framework guidelines needed to design the process of destigmatization of psychiatric patients in the populations of health and non-health professionals as well as people of different levels of education, especially those who work with psychiatric patients or come into contact with them after hospitalization
MoguÄnost razlikovanja kategorija psihiÄkih poremeÄaja i poremeÄaja ponaÅ”anja na razliÄitim testovima kognitivnih sposobnosti, upitnicima liÄnosti i projektivnim tehnikama
Jedan od ciljeva kliniÄke procjene je diferencijalno-dijagnostiÄka kategorizacija bolesti i poremeÄaja te je
važno znati koliko psihologijski mjerni instrumenti mogu pomoÄi u razlikovanju razliÄitih dijagnostiÄkih
skupina. Cilj i svrha ovog istraživanja je utvrditi diferencijalno dijagnostiÄku vrijednost baterije psihologijskih
mjernih instrumenata, odnosno ispitati moguÄnost razlikovanja kategorija psihiÄkih poremeÄaja i poremeÄaja
ponaÅ”anja na testu kognitivnih sposobnosti (WB II), upitniku liÄnosti (MMPI-201) i projektivnoj tehnici
(WTZ). Podatci su prikupljeni na pacijentima Neuropsihijatrijske bolnice āDr. Ivan Barbotā u PopovaÄi u
razdoblju od kolovoza 2009. godine do 2014. godine. Pacijenti su bili upuÄeni na psihologijsku procjenu
tijekom bolniÄkog ili ambulantnog lijeÄenja. Analizirani su odgovori 794 pacijenata s razliÄitim psihiÄkim
poremeÄajima i poremeÄajima ponaÅ”anja. Rezultati pokazuju kako se razliÄite kategorije psihiÄkih poremeÄaja
i poremeÄaja ponaÅ”anja razlikuju u testovnim postignuÄima i izraženosti simptoma. Radom se potvrdila
potreba za ukljuÄivanjem sveobuhvatne baterije psihologijskih mjernih instrumenata u kliniÄku procjenu, jer
se jedino kombinacijom rezultata dobivenih na razliÄitim tehnikama mogu dobiti rezultati koji Äe poveÄati
valjanost diferencijalno-dijagnostiÄkog procesa
Obilježja kaznenih djela kod neubrojivih poÄinitelja
Obilježja kaznenih djela kod neubrojivih poÄinitelj
Verifying the internalizing - externalizing PTSD model and health outcomes in Croatian veterans
PTSP je poremeÄaj Äiji je nastanak uvjetovan složenom interakcijom bioloÅ”kih, psiholoÅ”kih te socijalnih faktora koji odreÄuju reakciju pojedinca. DosadaÅ”nja istraživanja izdvojila su razne faktore rizika koji pogoduju nastanku ovog poremeÄaja. Na temelju dosadaÅ”njih spoznaja pretpostavljeno je da u podlozi internaliziranog, odnosno eksternaliziranog tipa PTSP-a koji se razvio nakon proživljene ratne traume, stoje raniji genetski i okolinski riziÄni faktori. Cilj istraživanja bio je provjeriti prikladnost internaliziranog-eksternaliziranog modela za objaÅ”njenje kliniÄke slike poremeÄaja, predisponirajuÄih riziÄnih faktora i zdravstvenih ishoda u uzorku hrvatskih branitelja. Pretpostavljeno je da Äe veterani s internaliziranim tipom PTSP-a imati viÅ”e komorbidnih dijagnoza iz skupine depresivnih i anksioznih poremeÄaja, kao i da Äe vjerojatnije oboljeti od bolesti diÅ”nog i probavnog sustava, zatim endokrinih bolesti, bolesti prehrane i bolesti metabolizma, te zloÄudnih novotvorina. S druge strane, da Äe veterani s eksternaliziranim tipom PTSP-a imati u komorbiditetu viÅ”e mentalnih poremeÄaja i poremeÄaja ponaÅ”anja uzrokovanih upotrebom psihoaktivnih tvari, viÅ”e bolesti cirkulacijskog sustava kao i bolesti nastalih kao posljedica zlouporabe psihoaktivnih tvari. Ukupno 433 sudionika koji su lijeÄeni pod dijagnozom posttraumatskog stresnog poremeÄaja i/ili trajnih promjena liÄnosti proizaÅ”lih iz PTSP-a ispunilo je TSI i MMPI-201 upitnike na temelju kojih je provjerena moguÄnost prepoznavanja internaliziranog i eksternaliziranog tipa PTSP-a, a kliniÄkim intervjuom dobiveni su podaci o sociodemografskim i psihosocijalnim varijablama te tjelesnim bolestima. Rezultati su pokazali da se mogu razlikovati dvije skupine. Skupina sudionika s manje izraženim simptomima PTSP-a takoÄer se razlikovala i na MMPI-201 upitniku od skupine s jaÄe izraženim simptomima PTSP-a. Intenzivniji PTSP povezan je s kliniÄkim ljestvicama MMPI-201 upitnika koje odgovaraju eksternaliziranim simptomima, kao Å”to su agresija, actingout, neprijateljstvo i nepovjerenje, dok je manje intenzivni PTSP bio povezan s anksioznodepresivnim simptomima. Nisu potvrÄeni riziÄni predisponirajuÄi faktori. PotvrÄene su razlike u obrazovanju pri Äemu su sudionici s tipom 1 PTSP-a ÄeÅ”Äe imali (ne)zavrÅ”enu osnovnu Å”kolu u odnosu na tip 2; radnom statusu gdje su sudionici s tipom 1 PTSP ÄeÅ”Äe bili nezaposleni. PokuÅ”aje suicida ili promiÅ”ljanja o suicidu ÄeÅ”Äe su navodili sudionici s tipom 1 PTSP-a, no meÄu onima koji su pokuÅ”ali suicid, nema razlika izmeÄu tipova PTSP-a. PotvrÄene su razlike u dvije skupine tjelesnih bolesti. Kod skupine koja pripada tipu 2 bile su ÄeÅ”Äe bolesti živÄanog sustava, dok su kod skupine koja pripada tipu 1 ÄeÅ”Äe dijagnosticirane bolesti diÅ”noga sustava u odnosu na tip 2 PTSP-a. U ostalim skupinama tjelesnih bolesti prema MKB-10 nije bilo razlika. U Hrvatskoj do sada nije provjeravan dvodimenzionalni internalizirani-eksternalizirani model PTSP-a, kao niti pitanje jesu li ta dva podtipa PTSP-a povezana s razliÄitim zdravstvenim ishodima. Iako u ovom istraživanju nisu dobiveni oÄekivani nalazi o predisponirajuÄim riziÄnim faktorima i posttraumatskim faktorima za internalizirani i eksternalizirani PTSP, potvrÄeno je da je i u hrvatskim uvjetima moguÄe razlikovati dva tipa PTSP-a Å”to je kliniÄki informativno za identificiranje riziÄnih ponaÅ”anja i predviÄanje poremeÄaja u ponaÅ”anju i osobito je korisno za planiranje lijeÄenja, spreÄavanje i smanjenje zdravstvenih rizika hrvatskih veterana.PTSD is a disorder whose occurrence is conditioned by the complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors that determine an individual's response. Previous research has identified various risk factors that favour the occurrence of this disorder A two-dimensional internalizing/externalizing model could provide a useful frame work from which to examine the co-occurring psychiatric symptoms associated with PTSD. Based on current knowledge, it has been assumed that the underlying internalized or externalized type of PTSD that developed after experiencing war trauma is genetic and environmental risk factors. The aim of this study is to determine the usefulness of a two-dimensional internalizing-externalizing PTSD model for understanding symptoms and health outcomes in the sample of Croatian war veterans. It was assumed that veterans with an internalized type of PTSD will have more comorbid diagnoses from the group of depressive and anxiety disorders, as well as being more likely to suffer from diseases of the respiratory and digestive systems, then endocrine diseases, diseases of nutrition and metabolism, and malignant neoplasms. On the other hand, veterans with externalizing type of PTSD will have more mental and behavioural disorders caused by the use of psychoactive substances in co morbidity, as well as more circulatory system diseases as well as diseases resulting from the abuse of psychoactive substances. A total of 433 participants who were treated under the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder and/or permanent personality changes resulting from PTSD filled out the TSI and MMPI-201 questionnaires, based on which the possibility of recognizing the internalized and externalized type of PTSD was checked, and the clinical interview obtained data on sociodemographic and psychosocial variables and physical diseases. The results showed that two groups can be distinguished. The group of participants with less pronounced PTSD symptoms also differed on the MMPI-201 questionnaire from the group with more pronounced PTSD symptoms. More intense PTSD was associated with clinical scales of the MMPI-201 questionnaire corresponding to externalizing symptoms, such as aggression, acting-out, hostility and mistrust, while less intense PTSD was associated with anxietydepressive symptoms. Risk predisposing factors have not been confirmed. Differences in education were confirmed, whereby participants with type 1 PTSD more often had (not) finished primary school compared to type 2; work status, where participants with type 1 PTSD were more likely to be unemployed. Suicide attempts or thoughts about suicide were more often reported by participants with type 1 PTSD, but among those who attempted suicide, there were no differences between PTSD types. Differences in two groups of physical diseases were confirmed. In the group belonging to type 2, diseases of the nervous system were more common, while in the group belonging to type 1, diseases of the respiratory system were diagnosed more often compared to type 2 PTSD. There were no differences in other groups of physical diseases according to ICD-10. In Croatia, the two-dimensional internalized-externalized model of PTSD has not been tested so far, nor has the question whether these two subtypes of PTSD are associated with different health outcomes. Although the expected findings on predisposing risk factors and posttraumatic factors for internalized and externalized PTSD were not obtained in this research, it was confirmed that even in Croatian conditions it is possible to distinguish two types of PTSD, which is clinically informative for identifying risky behaviours and predicting behavioural disorders, and especially is useful for treatment planning, prevention and reduction of health risks of Croatian veterans
Verifying the internalizing - externalizing PTSD model and health outcomes in Croatian veterans
PTSP je poremeÄaj Äiji je nastanak uvjetovan složenom interakcijom bioloÅ”kih, psiholoÅ”kih te socijalnih faktora koji odreÄuju reakciju pojedinca. DosadaÅ”nja istraživanja izdvojila su razne faktore rizika koji pogoduju nastanku ovog poremeÄaja. Na temelju dosadaÅ”njih spoznaja pretpostavljeno je da u podlozi internaliziranog, odnosno eksternaliziranog tipa PTSP-a koji se razvio nakon proživljene ratne traume, stoje raniji genetski i okolinski riziÄni faktori. Cilj istraživanja bio je provjeriti prikladnost internaliziranog-eksternaliziranog modela za objaÅ”njenje kliniÄke slike poremeÄaja, predisponirajuÄih riziÄnih faktora i zdravstvenih ishoda u uzorku hrvatskih branitelja. Pretpostavljeno je da Äe veterani s internaliziranim tipom PTSP-a imati viÅ”e komorbidnih dijagnoza iz skupine depresivnih i anksioznih poremeÄaja, kao i da Äe vjerojatnije oboljeti od bolesti diÅ”nog i probavnog sustava, zatim endokrinih bolesti, bolesti prehrane i bolesti metabolizma, te zloÄudnih novotvorina. S druge strane, da Äe veterani s eksternaliziranim tipom PTSP-a imati u komorbiditetu viÅ”e mentalnih poremeÄaja i poremeÄaja ponaÅ”anja uzrokovanih upotrebom psihoaktivnih tvari, viÅ”e bolesti cirkulacijskog sustava kao i bolesti nastalih kao posljedica zlouporabe psihoaktivnih tvari. Ukupno 433 sudionika koji su lijeÄeni pod dijagnozom posttraumatskog stresnog poremeÄaja i/ili trajnih promjena liÄnosti proizaÅ”lih iz PTSP-a ispunilo je TSI i MMPI-201 upitnike na temelju kojih je provjerena moguÄnost prepoznavanja internaliziranog i eksternaliziranog tipa PTSP-a, a kliniÄkim intervjuom dobiveni su podaci o sociodemografskim i psihosocijalnim varijablama te tjelesnim bolestima. Rezultati su pokazali da se mogu razlikovati dvije skupine. Skupina sudionika s manje izraženim simptomima PTSP-a takoÄer se razlikovala i na MMPI-201 upitniku od skupine s jaÄe izraženim simptomima PTSP-a. Intenzivniji PTSP povezan je s kliniÄkim ljestvicama MMPI-201 upitnika koje odgovaraju eksternaliziranim simptomima, kao Å”to su agresija, actingout, neprijateljstvo i nepovjerenje, dok je manje intenzivni PTSP bio povezan s anksioznodepresivnim simptomima. Nisu potvrÄeni riziÄni predisponirajuÄi faktori. PotvrÄene su razlike u obrazovanju pri Äemu su sudionici s tipom 1 PTSP-a ÄeÅ”Äe imali (ne)zavrÅ”enu osnovnu Å”kolu u odnosu na tip 2; radnom statusu gdje su sudionici s tipom 1 PTSP ÄeÅ”Äe bili nezaposleni. PokuÅ”aje suicida ili promiÅ”ljanja o suicidu ÄeÅ”Äe su navodili sudionici s tipom 1 PTSP-a, no meÄu onima koji su pokuÅ”ali suicid, nema razlika izmeÄu tipova PTSP-a. PotvrÄene su razlike u dvije skupine tjelesnih bolesti. Kod skupine koja pripada tipu 2 bile su ÄeÅ”Äe bolesti živÄanog sustava, dok su kod skupine koja pripada tipu 1 ÄeÅ”Äe dijagnosticirane bolesti diÅ”noga sustava u odnosu na tip 2 PTSP-a. U ostalim skupinama tjelesnih bolesti prema MKB-10 nije bilo razlika. U Hrvatskoj do sada nije provjeravan dvodimenzionalni internalizirani-eksternalizirani model PTSP-a, kao niti pitanje jesu li ta dva podtipa PTSP-a povezana s razliÄitim zdravstvenim ishodima. Iako u ovom istraživanju nisu dobiveni oÄekivani nalazi o predisponirajuÄim riziÄnim faktorima i posttraumatskim faktorima za internalizirani i eksternalizirani PTSP, potvrÄeno je da je i u hrvatskim uvjetima moguÄe razlikovati dva tipa PTSP-a Å”to je kliniÄki informativno za identificiranje riziÄnih ponaÅ”anja i predviÄanje poremeÄaja u ponaÅ”anju i osobito je korisno za planiranje lijeÄenja, spreÄavanje i smanjenje zdravstvenih rizika hrvatskih veterana.PTSD is a disorder whose occurrence is conditioned by the complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors that determine an individual's response. Previous research has identified various risk factors that favour the occurrence of this disorder A two-dimensional internalizing/externalizing model could provide a useful frame work from which to examine the co-occurring psychiatric symptoms associated with PTSD. Based on current knowledge, it has been assumed that the underlying internalized or externalized type of PTSD that developed after experiencing war trauma is genetic and environmental risk factors. The aim of this study is to determine the usefulness of a two-dimensional internalizing-externalizing PTSD model for understanding symptoms and health outcomes in the sample of Croatian war veterans. It was assumed that veterans with an internalized type of PTSD will have more comorbid diagnoses from the group of depressive and anxiety disorders, as well as being more likely to suffer from diseases of the respiratory and digestive systems, then endocrine diseases, diseases of nutrition and metabolism, and malignant neoplasms. On the other hand, veterans with externalizing type of PTSD will have more mental and behavioural disorders caused by the use of psychoactive substances in co morbidity, as well as more circulatory system diseases as well as diseases resulting from the abuse of psychoactive substances. A total of 433 participants who were treated under the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder and/or permanent personality changes resulting from PTSD filled out the TSI and MMPI-201 questionnaires, based on which the possibility of recognizing the internalized and externalized type of PTSD was checked, and the clinical interview obtained data on sociodemographic and psychosocial variables and physical diseases. The results showed that two groups can be distinguished. The group of participants with less pronounced PTSD symptoms also differed on the MMPI-201 questionnaire from the group with more pronounced PTSD symptoms. More intense PTSD was associated with clinical scales of the MMPI-201 questionnaire corresponding to externalizing symptoms, such as aggression, acting-out, hostility and mistrust, while less intense PTSD was associated with anxietydepressive symptoms. Risk predisposing factors have not been confirmed. Differences in education were confirmed, whereby participants with type 1 PTSD more often had (not) finished primary school compared to type 2; work status, where participants with type 1 PTSD were more likely to be unemployed. Suicide attempts or thoughts about suicide were more often reported by participants with type 1 PTSD, but among those who attempted suicide, there were no differences between PTSD types. Differences in two groups of physical diseases were confirmed. In the group belonging to type 2, diseases of the nervous system were more common, while in the group belonging to type 1, diseases of the respiratory system were diagnosed more often compared to type 2 PTSD. There were no differences in other groups of physical diseases according to ICD-10. In Croatia, the two-dimensional internalized-externalized model of PTSD has not been tested so far, nor has the question whether these two subtypes of PTSD are associated with different health outcomes. Although the expected findings on predisposing risk factors and posttraumatic factors for internalized and externalized PTSD were not obtained in this research, it was confirmed that even in Croatian conditions it is possible to distinguish two types of PTSD, which is clinically informative for identifying risky behaviours and predicting behavioural disorders, and especially is useful for treatment planning, prevention and reduction of health risks of Croatian veterans