Kemijski sastav prsiju i mišića bataka u tovljenju fazanskih pilića

This work presents the results of chemical analysis of breast and thigh muscles in common pheasants fattened until the age of 90 days, and evaluates changes in the quality of pheasant meat between the 40th and 90th day of fattening. Water content in breast muscles of female pheasants conclusively decreased (P0.05) to 745.41 g/kg on the 90th day of fattening while the dry matter content increased to 254.59 g/kg. A similar trend, i.e. decrease of water content and increase of dry matter level, was observed in males on the 90th day of fattening but the changes were inconclusive. Changes in protein levels (NS) in breast muscles were also inconclusive. The mean protein levels in female pheasants were ca. 229.05 g/kg, in the case of males they ranged from 229.88 g/kg to 245.03 g/kg. The fat content in breast muscles in pheasant poults increased with age. Particularly females exhibited a very conclusive increase in fat content (P0.01) on the 90th day (7.79 g/kg) while in males the fat content increased inconclusively (8.87 g/kg). The levels of ash determined in breast muscles ranged from 12.31 g/kg to 11.62 g/kg and from 12.72 g/kg to 11.72 g/kg in females and males, respectively. This parameter was not significantly affected by the age of young pheasants. The mean water content in thigh muscles ranged between 730.56 g/kg and 759.91 g/kg in females and between 725.03 g/kg and 753.37 g/kg in males. The changes in water content were related to the changes in dry matter levels. The mean protein levels in thigh muscles of female pheasants decreased to 189.90 g/kg on the 90th day of feeding (P0.05), while in males a highly conclusive decrease to 197.92 g/kg (P0.01) was found. Fat levels in both breast and thigh muscles gradually increased. Thus, fat levels in thigh muscles of females increased from 21.06 g/kg (on the 40th day) to 57.49 g/kg (on the 90th day). In the case of males the fat levels increased from 19.66 g/kg (on the 40th day) to 45.24 g/kg (on the 90th day). Similarly, the mean levels of ash ranged from 12.62 g/kg to 12.66 g/kg in females and from 12.82 g/kg to 12.44 g/kg in males. However, no conclusive differences due to the duration of fattening were found.U ovom radu izvršene su analize kemijskog sastava mišićne mase bataka i prsiju kod tovljenja fazana sve do 90. dana starosti, s ciljem razmatranja i vrednovanja izmjena kakvoće proizvedenog mesa u razdoblju između 40. do 90. dana tova fazana. Kod mišićne mase u prsima ženki fazana utvrđeno je (P0,05) smanjenje sadržaja vode u 90. danu tova na 745,41 g/kg, a time i povećanje sadržaja suhe mase na 254,59 g/kg. Sličan trend u pogledu sadržaja vode i suhe mase primijećen je u 90. danu tova mužjaka fazana, s time da ove izmjene nisu dokazive. Nedokazive izmjene zabilježene su kod sadržaja bjelančevina (NL) u prsnoj mišićnoj masi, čije su prosječne vrijednosti varirale kod ženki fazana oko 229,05 g/kg, a kod mužjaka varirale su u rasponu između 229,88 g/kg do 245,03 g/kg. Što su bili pilići stariji, to veći je bio sadržaj masti u mišićnoj masi u prsima, što je bilo veoma očito (P0,01) posebno kod ženki fazana u 90. danu starosti 7,79 g/kg, dok je kod mužjaka zabilježena nedokaziva vrijednost 8,87 g/kg. Kod pepela, čiji se sadržaj u prsnoj mišićnoj masi kretao kod ženki između 12,31 g/kg do 11,62 g/kg, a kod mužjaka između 12,72 g/kg i 11,72 g/kg, u pogledu starosti fazana nisu utvrđene nikakve značajne razlike među prosječnim vrijednostima. Kod mišićne mase bataka fazana sadržaj vode je varirao u rasponu prosječnih vrijednosti, i to kako slijedi: kod ženki fazana između 730,56 g/kg do 759,91 g/kg, a kod mužjaka između 725,03 g/kg do 753,37 g/kg. Za izmjene sadržaja vode logično su vezane i izmjene sadržaja suhe mase. Što se tiče bjelančevina, u butnoj mišićnoj masi fazana dokazano je (P0,05) kod ženki u 90. danu tova smanjenje prosječne vrijednosti na 189,90 g/kg, a kod mužjaka čak veoma očito (dokazivo) smanjenje (P0,01) na 197,92 g/kg. Slično kao kod prsnih mišića te butnih mišića utvrđen je trend postupnog rasta masti kod ženki s 21,06 g/kg (40. dan) na 57,49 g/kg (90. dan), a kod mužjaka s 19,66 g/kg (40. dan) na 45,24 g/kg (90. dan). Isto tako kod pepela, čije su se prosječne vrijednosti kretale u rasponu između 12,62 g/kg i 12,66 g/kg kod ženki fazana, te 12,82 g/kg do 12,44 g/kg kod mužjaka, nisu potvrđene dokazive razlike vezane za vrijeme trajanja tova fazana

Intenzitet rasta i značajke polovica tovljenih pilića fazana

The main aim of the present work was to find out whether intensive fattening of pheasant poults can provide high-quality pheasant meat. The study is a pilot work in this area because until now pheasant rearing has only produced pheasants for the purpose of hunting. In this experiment three feeding mixtures were designed; nutritional and energetic composition of the mixtures complied with the respective feeding requirements. The feeding mixtures did not contain components originating from animals in order to ensure safety of meat. The growth intensity and the state of health of pheasants reflect the quality of feeding mixtures administered. Thus, on the 90th day the female and male pheasants weighed 0.832 kg and 1.061 kg, respectively. This represents approximately 90 % of the weight of an adult pheasant in natural hunting grounds. Pheasants were in a good state of health as concluded on the basis of a very low mortality rate (4.45 %). Results concerning carcass parameters such as carcass yield and the yield of high-quality tissues (breast and thigh muscles) are very promising. Thus, carcass yields ranged from 71 % to 72 %. The yield of breast muscles at the end of the feeding was 20.43 % in females and 19.66 % in males. The yield of thigh muscles was also high, reaching the level of 20.40 % in females and 20.59 % in males. The above values of carcass yield and the yield of the most valuable muscles obtained in this experiment exceed the values observed in most broiler chickens. Importantly, the experiment showed that despite intensive fattening the pheasant poults did not accumulate abdominal fat. Accumulation of abdominal fat was detected only in some 90-day-old pheasants after slaughter.Cilj ovog rada bio je razmatranje mogućnosti intezivnog tova pilića fazana u svrhu proizvodnje mesa visoke kakvoće. Rad se može smatrati pilot projektom u ovoj problematici, jer uzgoj fazana bio je dosad usmjeren samo za potrebe lova. Za ostvarenje ovog rada sastavljena su tri različita tipa stočne hrane, koji svojim sadržajem hranjivih tvari i eneregetskih vrijednosti ispunjavaju zahtjeve za tov fazana. U pogledu sigurnosti i zdravstvene besprijekornosti proizvodnje mesa, korišteni tipovi stočne hrane pripremljeni su bez životinjskoih sastojaka. Dobiveni rezultati inteziteta rasta te zdravstvenog stanja fazana postignuti su zahvaljujući dobroj kakvoći korištene stočne hrane. Ovim intenzivnim tovom kod pilića fazana starih 90 dana postignuta je prosječna težina od 0,832 kg (ženke), te 1,061 kg (mužjaci), što predstavlja otprilike 90% težine odraslih fazana postignute u prirodnim prostorima za uzgoj. Njihovo zdravstveno stanje može se smatratii dobrim i zbog niskog postotka uginulih fazana - 4.45 %. Veoma pozitivni su rezultati mjerenja korisne mase tijela fazana. Radi se posebno o visokom postotku korisne mase tijela fazana, koji se kreće od 71 % do 72 %. Do sličnih zaključaka došlo se i vrednovanjem postotka korisne mase najkvalitetnijih dijelova tijela fazana, kao što je prsna mišicna masa, čiji je korisni postotak na kraju tova 20.43 % (ženke), te 19.66 % (mužjaci). Gotovo isti rezultati su dobiveni i mjerenjem postotka korisne mase bataka fazana, gdje su dobiveni rezultati kod tovljenih pilića fazana 20.40 % (ženke), te 20.59 % (mužjaci). Gore navedeni parametri postotka korisne mase tijela i najvrednijih dijelova tijela, koji su postignuti ovim pokusom kod fazana namijenjenih za tov, predstavljaju vrijednosti, koje nisu postignute niti kod tovljenih pilića brojlera. Veoma pozitivan rezultat predstavlja činjenica da kod pilića fazana nije dolazilo do taloženja abdominalne masti čak i kod intenzivnog tova. Abdominalna mast počela se javljati tek u 90. danu starosti pilića fazana, i to ne kod svih žrtvovanih pilića

Variation in Egg Yolk Colour in Different Systems of Rearing Laying Hens

A total of 72 laying hens (ISA BROWN hybrid combination) were divided into two groups. Thirty-six layers in the first group were reared on litter while the second group of layers was reared using the cage rearing system. Samples of eggs were collected from both groups for a period of seven months. Yolk colour was determined using a portable spectrophotometer using a newly developed method, which complied with the CIELAB system. Yolk colour indicator L* decreased for the rearing system on litter, i.e. egg yolk colour became darker in the course of the whole experiment (α = 0.05). Indicator a* showed a distinct increase in the case of the rearing system on litter, with the differences being significant (α = 0.05) over the last three months of the experiment. Differences for the whole experiment were highly conclusive (α = 0.01), as seen from the increasing red colour intensity. Similarly, indicator b* also increased, i.e. egg yolk was of more distinct yellow colour. In the case of the cage-rearing system, egg yolk colour indicators correlated well with egg weight indicators, as compared to the rearing system on litter. The rearing system on litter resulted in significantly increased intensity of orange colour compared to the cage rearing system

Migration of phthalates from plastic tank to vegetable oil as a part of feeding mixtures used for chicken broilers fattening

The concentrations of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) as di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were measured in samples of rapeseed oil, which was used as a feed. First samples were collected during the production process and second after the storage in plastic tank (21 days). The results of measurements are that there is 2.93-10.10 mg PAEs.kg-1 in the oil before storage and 22.73-61.55 mg PAEs.kg-1 after storage. For the monitoring of distribution and accumulation of PAEs in animal tissues and organs (muscles, adipose tissue, skin and liver) broiler chicks ROSS 308 were used. The chicks were divided into 4 groups (50 chicks each). All the chicks were fed by commercial diets (complete feed, KKS) for broiler chicks (starter – BR1; grower – BR2 and finisher – BR3). The experimental diets were supplemented with vegetable oil (RO) with low (group N) or high (group V) phthalate content, or animal fat with high phthalate content (group Z). Neither the control diets (K) nor the grower (BR1) diets contained vegetable oil or animal fat. DBP and DEHP were found in all tissues of all chicks. The highest concentration of DBP of 1.28 1.00 mg.kg-1 of fresh sample (an average value from 8 chicks) was determined in the adipose tissue of V chicks. The highest concentration of DEHP of 3.27 2.87 mg.kg-1 of fresh sample (average of 8 chicks) was also determined in the V group

The Cross Country Skiers Push-off Force Explored on Selected Techniques

Příspěvek je deskriptivní studií zabývající se základními dynamickými charakteristikami hlavních technik volného způsobu běhu na lyžích. Byla měřena a analyzována síla, kterou běžci vytváří dolními končetinami při odrazu u bruslení oboustranného dvoudobého a jednodobého, a zjišťována doba odrazu. Měření bylo provedeno pomocí systému Pedar (Novel, SRN). Sledovanou skupinou byli běžci na úrovni I. výkonnostní třídy, kteří se umístili do 25. místa v žebříčku SLČR. Byly zjištěny rozdílné hodnoty maximální síly při odrazu mezi sledovanými technikami, vyšší síla byla vždy zjištěna při bruslení na rovině ve srovnání se stoupáním, a to jak pro tréninkovou, tak i závodní rychlost. Průměrné hodnoty maximální síly na rovině u bruslení dvoudobého dosáhly 1,2−1,5 násobku hmotnosti běžců, u jednodobého v rozmezí 1,1–1,4 násobků hmotnosti. Ve stoupání činily tyto hodnoty 1,2–1,4 násobek hmotnosti pro bruslení oboustranné dvoudobé a 1–1,2 násobek pro jednodobé.This contribution is a descriptive study which deals with the basic kinetic characteristics of main cross-country ski, skating techniques. We observed and analysed the leg force during the stroke for open field skating or V1 and V2 skating. Next, we studied the time of the stroke (kick). The measurements were made with the help of the system Pedar [Novel, GER]. Our observed group were from the high-performance level competitors, who were ranked 25th in the SLCR ranking. We discovered the various figures of maximal force for both techniques, usually higher for open field and V1 technique than for V2 skating, the higher force during skating on the flat terrain than on the slope for training and race speed. The average value of maximal force on flat terrain during open field or V1 skating were 1,2 – 1,5 multiple of body weight (BW), for V2 skating we found 1,1 – 1,4 (BW). In the uphill section the value was 1,2 – 1,4 (BW) for open field or V1 skating and 1 – 1,2 (BW) for V2

Effect of Vegetable Oil Fortified Feeds on the Content of Fatty Acids in Breast and Thigh Muscles in Broiler Chickens

The main objective of this work was to compare the effect of six vegetable oils added to feeding mixtures that were administered to broiler chickens on the content of major fatty acids in chicken meat. The experiment started with 90 one-day-old Ross 308 meat hybrid male chickens that were divided into six groups. Chickens were fed complete feeding mixtures for the prefattening (BR1), fattening (BR2), and post-fattening (BR3) of broiler chickens. The BR1 feeding mixture was administered to chickens aged 1-10 days, the BR2 feeding mixture was given from Day 11 to Day 30, and the BR3 feeding mixture was then administered until Day 42. The BR1 feeding mixture that was administered to all six groups during the first ten days of the experiment was supplemented with soybean oil. BR2 and BR3 feeding mixtures used to feed chickens aged 11-42 days were fortified with soybean oil (SO Group), rapeseed oil (RO Group), sunflower oil (SFO Group), flaxseed oil (FO Group), olive oil (OO Group), and evening primrose oil (EPO Group). The vegetable oils used differed by the composition of fatty acids, particularly by the content of oleic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid. The use of the above-described experimental diets in young broilers from Day 11 to 42 had a significant effect on the content of fatty acids in the fat from breast and thigh muscles. The content of α-linolenic acid in breast and thigh muscles of broilers that received the feed containing flaxseed oil (21.16 g/100 g of oil and 17.13 g/100 g of oil, respectively) significantly increased (p ⪬ 0.01). The highest content of linoleic acid (p ⪬ 0.01) in breast and thigh muscles was found in chickens that were fed the feed containing primrose oil (59.13 g/100 g and 51.71 g/100 g). A significant increase (p ⪬ 0.01) in the level of oleic acid was detected in both breast and thigh muscles of broilers that received olive oil fortified feed (52.44 g/100 g and 43.70 g/100 g of oil). No significant variation was found in the content of palmitic acid and palmitooleic acid. The levels of oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid in feeding mixtures correlated with those found in breast and thigh muscles (r = 0.88; 0.94 and 0.99; r = 0.99; 0.98 and 0.99)

Comparison of the nutritional value of seeds of individual varieties of the genus Lupinus that are grown in Europe

Cilj ovog rada bila je usporedba hranjive vrijednosti 16 najznačajnijih sorti sjemena roda LUPINUS, gajenih u europskim uvjetima (PRIMA, LAE, LWA 1, AMIGA, APR 8-2, LAV 8-4, EGHO, V 6-1, ROSE, BORUTA, KARO, JUNO, SONET, ATU, WATT i ANDA). Na temelju kemijskih analiza dokazano je da se navedene sorte međusobno znatno razlikuju u sadržaju pojedinačnih hranjivih tvari. Kod analiziranih hranjivih tvari u 100 % suhoj tvari utvrđene su sljedeće razlike u rasponu od: dušične tvari 303,20 – 451,65 g/kg, masti 50,00 – 135,55 g/kg, vlaknina 101,2 – 173,70 g/kg, tvari bez sadržaja dušika esencijalne 268,50 – 489,00 g/kg, organska masa, 837,28 – 966,80 g/kg, pepeo 33,20 – 52,20 g/kg, kalcij 2,29 – 4,74 g/kg, fosfor 4,36 – 8,15 g/kg i magnezij 1,10 – 3,20 g/kg. Postignuti rezultati ispitivanja uspoređeni su sa sadržajem hranjivih tvari u zrnju soje dviju najčešće korištenih sorti u Europi (KORADA i VISON). Rezultati studije pokazali su da su neke sorte roda Lupinus pogodne za proizvodnju krmnih smjesa.The main aim of this work was to compare the nutritional values of seeds of 16 different major varieties of the genus LUPINUS (PRIMA, LAE, LWA 1, AMIGA, APR 8-2, LAV 8-4, EGHO, V 6-1, ROSE, BORUTA, KARO, JUNO, SONET, ATU, WATT and ANDA) that are currently grown in Europe. Chemical analysis confirmed significant differences among the above mentioned varieties in the levels of individual nutrients. The levels of the monitored nutrients ranged within the following intervals (related to 100% dry matter): nitrogen-containing substances - 303.20 – 451.65 g/kg, fat - 50.00 – 135.55 g/kg, fibre - 101.2 – 173.70 g/kg, nitrogen-free substances (extracted) - 268.50 – 489.00 g/kg, organic matter - 837.28 – 966.80 g/kg, ash - 33.20 – 52.20 g/kg, calcium - 2.29 – 4.74 g/kg, phosphorus - 4.36 – 8.15 g/kg, and magnesium - 1.10 – 3.20 g/kg. The results obtained were compared with the levels of nutrients found in soya beans of the two most commonly grown European varieties (KORÁDA and VISON). In conclusion, the findings of this work suggest that it is advantageous to grow individual varieties of the genus LUPINUS and use their seeds in the nutrition of farm animals

The plant-based diet containing treated lupin seed in the nutrition of hens and the comparison of its production efficacy with the diet based on animal protein

Cilj je ovog rada istražiti učinak zamjene životinjskih bjelančevina (mesnokoštano brašno) biljnim bjelančevinama (obrađene sjemenke lupine) na produktivnost i zdravlje kokoši nesilica. Pokus je proveden na konzumnim nesilicama hibrida Isa Brown u dobi od 22. do 58. tjedna. Korištena lupina sorte JUNO nije negativno utjecala na produkciju jaja i kvalitetu ljuske jaja. Međutim, značajno povećnje (P ≤ 0,01) zabilježeno je kod slijedećih parametara; prosječne mase proizvedenih jaja (od 60,03 g na 61,66 g), mase ljuske jaja (s 7,17 g na 7,78 g) i mase bjelanjka (od 36,33 g na 37,31 g). Premda učinak lupine na masu žumanjka nije bio utvrđen, dokazano je (P ≤ 0,01) poboljšanje njegove boje. Pozitivnim rezultatom zamjene mesnokoštanog brašna lupinom možemo smatrati i značajno (P ≤ 0,05) smanjenje sadržaja kolesterola u žumanjku jajeta (za 15,86 g.kg-1).The aim of this work was to verify the production efficacy of a plant-based feeding mixture and its effect on the quality of eggs. Animal protein (i.e. meat-and-bone meal) in the feeding mixture was replaced with vegetable protein (treated lupin seed). The experiment was performed with Isa Brown hybrid females aged 22-58 weeks. The diet containing lupin seed (the variety JUNO) as a replacement of meat-and-bone meal had no negative effect on egg production and the quality of egg shell in utility layers. Moreover, the highly conclusive increase (P ≤ 0.01) was found in the following parameters: the average weight of produced eggs (60.03 g as compared to 61.66 g), the weight of egg shell (from 7.17 g to 7.78 g), and the weight of egg white (from 36.33 g to 37.31 g). The weight of egg yolk remained unaffected but its colour improved (P ≤ 0.01). Another positive effect observed with the experimental diet is that it conclusively (P ≤ 0.05) decreased the level of cholesterol in egg yolk by 15.86 g per kg

Comparison of the Influence of Hyperoxia on Short-term Performance at Low and Higher Altitudes

Článek srovnává vliv inhalace koncentrovaného kyslíku na krátkodobý opakovaný výkon v nížině a vyšší nadmořské výšce (1 835 m n.m.). Zdrojem koncentrovaného kyslíku byl přípravek Oxyfit. Probandi (n=10) absolvovali celkem čtyři testování, která zahrnovala dva Wingate testy v rozmezí 10 minut. Dvě testování se uskutečnila v nížině a dvě ve vyšší nadmořské výšce. V rámci zotavné pauzy mezi testy inhalovaly sledované osoby Oxyfit nebo placebo (v nížině i vyšší nadmořské výšce). Výzkum prokázal signifikantně (p < 0,05) vyšší výkon u opakovaného Wingate testu po inhalaci koncen- trovaného kyslíku ve srovnání s placebem v nížině i vyšší nadmořské výšce. Inhalace koncentrovaného kyslíku ovlivní ve větší míře výkon ve vyšší nadmořské výšce v porovnání s nížinou.The article compares the influence of inhaling concentrated oxygen on short-term repeated performance at low altitude and at high altitudes above sea level (1 835 m a.s.l.). The source of concentrated oxygen used was Oxyfit. The subjects (n=10) completed a total of four tests comprised of two Wingate tests at 10-minute intervals. Two tests were carried out at a low altitude and two at a higher altitude above sea level. During the recovery period between tests the monitored subjects inhaled Oxyfit or were given a placebo. The study showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher performance level of the repeated Wingate tests after inhaling concentrated oxygen in comparison with the placebo group at both low and high altitudes. Inhalation of concentrated oxygen affects performance to a greater extent at the high altitude compared to that of low altitude