Mean Difference for Pain and Disability at Short-term Follow-up (less than 12 months).

<p>*Decompression technique is laminectomy or laminotomy.</p

Flow Diagram of Studies Included in the Systematic Review.

<p>RCT = randomised controlled trial. *Number of citations includes duplicates.</p

Summary of Findings and Quality of Evidence Assessment (GRADE).

<p>RR = risk ratio; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; m = metres; mL = millilitres; min = minutes.</p><p>^aEffect size is mean difference, unless otherwise specified. Negative value favours first comparator. Effect sizes (95% CI) in bold indicate statistically significant results.</p><p>^bDichotomous data: Walking ability better (ability to walk 50% farther or increase of 80 m in the walking distance postoperatively) or same/worse, effect size reported as risk ratio or odds ratio.</p><p>Summary of Findings and Quality of Evidence Assessment (GRADE).</p

Mean Difference for Pain and Disability at Long-term Follow-up (12 months or more).

<p>*Decompression technique is laminectomy or laminotomy</p

Risk of Bias (PEDro) Criteria and Number of Trials in Each Category.

<p>PEDro = Physiotherapy Evidence Database.</p

Characteristics of Included Studies.

<p>SD = standard deviation; NR = not reported; VAS = visual analogue scale; RMDQ = Roland Morris Disability questionnaire; ODI = Oswestry Disability Index; SF-36 = 36-item short-form health survey; JOA = Japanese Orthopaedic Association Score; ZCQ = Zurich Claudication Questionnaire</p><p>Characteristics of Included Studies.</p

Baseline characteristics of participants for ‘myocardial infarction’ lifetime and in the last two years.

<p>Baseline characteristics of participants for ‘myocardial infarction’ lifetime and in the last two years.</p

Odds ratios and 95% CIs from multivariate models for the relationship between chronic LBP and other coronary heart diseases—last 2 years.

<p>Odds ratios and 95% CIs from multivariate models for the relationship between chronic LBP and other coronary heart diseases—last 2 years.</p

Total sample analysis and co-twin control analyses for other coronary heart diseases lifetime and in the last 2 years.

<p>Total sample analysis and co-twin control analyses for other coronary heart diseases lifetime and in the last 2 years.</p

Total sample analysis and co-twin control analyses for myocardial infarction lifetime and in the last 2 years.

<p>Total sample analysis and co-twin control analyses for myocardial infarction lifetime and in the last 2 years.</p