Antioxidative Status in Plasma.

<p>Plasma parameters for antioxidative capacity (<b>A</b>, <b>B</b>) and oxidative stress (<b>C</b>, <b>D</b>) in calves fed either colostrum (dark grey) or formula (light grey) on days 1 and 2 and supplemented with (crossline) or without (no symbol) quercetin on days 2–8 (50 mg/(kg body weight × day)). Data are presented as the least squares means ± standard errors. Bars with different lowercase letters (a, b) differ among groups within the same day (<i>P</i> < 0.05). TEAC, trolox equivalent antioxidative capacity (in trolox equivalents, TE); FRAP, ferric reducing ability of plasma (in ascorbic acid equivalents, ASCE); TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive species (in malondialdehyde equivalents, MDAE).</p

Flavonol concentrations in plasma.

<p>Stacked concentrations (<b>A</b>) and percentage composition (<b>B</b>) of flavonols in basal plasma samples of calves fed either colostrum (dark grey) or formula (light grey) on days 1 and 2 and supplemented with quercetin aglycone from day 2 to day 8 (50 mg/(kg body weight × day)). Flavonol metabolites: quercetin (without symbol), isorhamnetin (horizontal line), tamarixetin (crossline) and kaempferol (horizontal bold line). Data are presented as the least squares means. Different uppercase letters (A, B, C) symbolize differences in the total flavonol concentration within the same group on different days (<i>P</i> < 0.05). † tend to differ among groups on the same day (<i>P</i> < 0.10).</p

Total Protein and Immune Status in Blood Plasma.

<p>Plasma concentrations of total protein (<b>A</b>) and immunoglobulins (Ig) G1 (<b>B</b>), IgG2 (<b>C</b>), and IgM (<b>D</b>) in calves fed milk replacer (MR) either <i>ad libitum</i> (ADLIB, black square, straight line) or restrictively (RES, white circle, dashed line) for the first five weeks of life. MR intake in ADLIB was gradually reduced during weeks 6 and 7 to amounts fed in RES. The data are presented as the least squares means ± standard error. *Different between groups <i>P</i> < 0.05.</p

Carcass Composition.

<p>The weight of the hot carcass, liver, pancreas, fat depots, and distinct muscle cuts<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0168974#t003fn002" target="_blank">¹</a> and the size of the musculus longissimus dorsi (MLD) in calves fed milk replacer (MR) either <i>ad libitum</i> (ADLIB) or restrictively (RES) for the first five weeks of life.</p

Composition of Milk Replacer (MR) and the Concentrate.

<p>Composition of Milk Replacer (MR) and the Concentrate.</p

Feed Intake and Growth Performance.

<p>Colostrum and milk replacer (MR) (<b>A</b>) and concentrate intake (<b>B</b>), total metabolizable energy (ME) intake, body weight (<b>D</b>), and average daily gain (<b>E</b>) in calves fed MR either <i>ad libitum</i> (ADLIB, black square, straight line) or restrictively (RES, white circle, dashed line) for the first five weeks of life. MR intake in ADLIB was gradually reduced during weeks 6 and 7 to amounts fed in RES. The data are presented as the least squares means ± standard error. ^†Trend between groups <i>P</i> < 0.1; *different between groups <i>P</i> < 0.05; **different between groups <i>P</i> < 0.01; and ***different between groups <i>P</i> < 0.001.</p

Metabolic Status in Blood Plasma.

<p>The plasma concentrations of glucose (<b>A</b>), lactate (<b>B</b>), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB; <b>C</b>), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA; <b>D</b>), triglycerides (<b>E</b>), and cholesterol (<b>F</b>) in calves fed milk replacer (MR) either <i>ad libitum</i> (ADLIB, black square, straight line) or restrictively (RES, white circle, dashed line) for the first five weeks of life. MR intake in ADLIB was gradually reduced during weeks 6 and 7 to amounts fed in RES. The data are presented as the least squares means ± standard error. ^†Trend between groups <i>P</i> < 0.1, *different between groups <i>P</i> < 0.05, **different between groups <i>P</i> < 0.01, and ***different between groups <i>P</i> < 0.001.</p

Endocrine Status in Blood Plasma.

<p>The plasma concentrations of insulin (<b>A</b>), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I; <b>B</b>), and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP)-2 (<b>C</b>), -3 (<b>D</b>), and -4 (<b>E</b>) in calves fed milk replacer (MR) either <i>ad libitum</i> (ADLIB, black square, straight line) or restrictively (RES, white circle, dashed line) for the first five weeks of life. MR intake in ADLIB was gradually reduced during weeks 6 and 7 to amounts fed in RES. The data are presented as the least squares means ± standard error. ^†Trend between between groups <i>P</i> < 0.1, *different between groups <i>P</i> < 0.05, **different between groups <i>P</i> < 0.01, and ***different between groups <i>P</i> < 0.001.</p