Biodegradation of ATZ from Primextra <i>S</i>-Gold and fate of <i>S</i>-MET in larger soil microcosms.

<p>Time-course variation of (<b>A, B</b>) the concentration of viable cells of <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. ADP Rif^R, (<b>C, D</b>) the average concentration of ATZ and (<b>E, F</b>) the average concentration of <i>S</i>-MET, in the soil microcosms contaminated with (<b>A, C, E</b>) 20×RD or (<b>B, D, F</b>) 50×RD of Primextra S-Gold, and bioaugmented with <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. ADP with (Δ) or without (▴) citrate amendment, during incubation at 25°C. ATZ and <i>S</i>-MET concentrations in the non-inoculated control soil (•) are also shown in (C, D) and (E, F), respectively, for comparison. Data are means±SD of measurements from at least two replicated samples from two independent experiments under each condition.</p

Ecotoxicity of eluates prepared from herbicide-contaminated soil.

<p>Mean 72-hours growth rate of <i>Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata</i> on eluates prepared with soil samples collected from microcosms spiked with the indicated doses of (<b>A</b>) Primextra S-Gold, (<b>B</b>) Atrazerba FL, or (<b>C</b>) pure <i>S</i>-MET, at day 5 after soil amendment with <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. ADP Rif^R plus citrate (white columns) or without the bioaugmentation/biostimulation tool (black columns). Data are means±SD from toxicity tests in at least three independent eluate samples.</p

Effects of <i>S</i>-MET in <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. ADP Rif^R (A) survival and (B) ATZ- mineralization in soil.

<p>In (<b>A</b>), soil previously contaminated with 24 µg ATZ g⁻¹ of soil was supplemented with increasing concentrations of <i>S</i>-MET, namely 0 (⧫), 15 (□), 30 (Δ) or 60 (○) µg g⁻¹ of soil, prior to inoculation. In (<b>B</b>), soil was spiked with a total of 24 µg ATZ g⁻¹ of soil (including [¹⁴C]ATZ) plus 30 µg <i>S</i>-MET g⁻¹ (Δ) or no <i>S</i>-MET (⧫), or with a total of 40 µg ATZ g⁻¹ plus 50 µg <i>S</i>-MET g⁻¹ (▪) or no <i>S</i>-MET (⋄), prior to inoculation. Data are means±SD of measurements from at least duplicate determinations from two or three independent experiments under identical conditions.</p