Comparative pathology of selected infections of free living anuran amphibians from the Atlantic Forest biome: prospective study

Os anfíbios apresentaram um severo declínio de suas populações nas últimas décadas. Dentre as diversas causas dos declínios estão as doenças infecciosas. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de estudar a ocorrência de enfermidades selecionadas que podem acometer estes animais na Mata Atlântica brasileira, e, desta forma, contribuir para a melhor compreensão das conseqüências destas enfermidades para a conservação dos anfíbios em nosso meio. Foram coletados 120 animais da Estação Biológica da Boracéia e realizaram-se exames necroscópicos, histopatológicos, microbiológicos, parasitológicos e PCR convencional para Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis em grande parte dos animais. Coletou-se 33 espécies diferentes pertencentes a sete famílias diferentes. Encontrou-se, no exame necroscópico, endoparasitas em 45,8% (55/120) dos espécimes examinados e ectoparasita (sanguessuga) em um espécime. Do total de animais analisados para Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, 19,1% (22/115) foram positivos para Bd. O exame necroscópico assim como o histopatologicos da grande maioria dos animais estudados não exibiu alterações relevantes, sendo que os sistemas mais acometidos foram o digestório e tegumentar seguidos pelos urinário e linfóide. A somatória dos resultados aqui exibidos sugere que, nas condições específicas deste trabalho, os agentes identificados não induziram processos patológicos relevantes, sinalizando uma relação hospedeiro x parasita simétrica. Porém, face ao frágil equilíbrio existente no ambiente da Mata Atlântica e a suscetibilidade dos anfíbios às mudanças dos ecossistemas, cremos que monitoramentos de longo prazo sejam necessários para que se possa acompanhar, com alguma margem de segurança, a evolução desta delicada relação.Amphibians suffered a severe decline of their populations in recent decades. Among the various causes of the declines are infectious diseases. The present work aims to study the occurrence of selected diseases that can affect these animals in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and thus contribute to a better understanding of the consequences of these diseases for the conservation of these animals. We collected 120 animals from the Biological Station of Boracéia and performed necropsy, histopathology, microbiology, parasitology and conventional PCR for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis exams in most animals. We collected 33 different species belonging to seven different families. It was found at necropsy, endoparasites in 45.8% (55/120) of specimens examined and an ectoparasite in only one specimen. Of the total number of animals analyzed for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, 19.1% (22/115) were positive for this fungus. The necropsy and histopathological exams from the vast majority of animals studied did not show significant changes. The most affected systems were the digestive and integumentary followed by the lymphoid and urinary. The results shown in this work suggests that the infections agents did not induce relevant pathological processes in the specific conditions of this research. However, given the fragile balance of the Atlantic Forest and the susceptibility of amphibians to ecosystem change, we believe that long-term monitoring is needed to follow with some safety margin, the evolution of this delicate relationship

Comparative pathology of selected infections of free living anuran amphibians from the Atlantic Forest biome: prospective study

Os anfíbios apresentaram um severo declínio de suas populações nas últimas décadas. Dentre as diversas causas dos declínios estão as doenças infecciosas. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de estudar a ocorrência de enfermidades selecionadas que podem acometer estes animais na Mata Atlântica brasileira, e, desta forma, contribuir para a melhor compreensão das conseqüências destas enfermidades para a conservação dos anfíbios em nosso meio. Foram coletados 120 animais da Estação Biológica da Boracéia e realizaram-se exames necroscópicos, histopatológicos, microbiológicos, parasitológicos e PCR convencional para Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis em grande parte dos animais. Coletou-se 33 espécies diferentes pertencentes a sete famílias diferentes. Encontrou-se, no exame necroscópico, endoparasitas em 45,8% (55/120) dos espécimes examinados e ectoparasita (sanguessuga) em um espécime. Do total de animais analisados para Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, 19,1% (22/115) foram positivos para Bd. O exame necroscópico assim como o histopatologicos da grande maioria dos animais estudados não exibiu alterações relevantes, sendo que os sistemas mais acometidos foram o digestório e tegumentar seguidos pelos urinário e linfóide. A somatória dos resultados aqui exibidos sugere que, nas condições específicas deste trabalho, os agentes identificados não induziram processos patológicos relevantes, sinalizando uma relação hospedeiro x parasita simétrica. Porém, face ao frágil equilíbrio existente no ambiente da Mata Atlântica e a suscetibilidade dos anfíbios às mudanças dos ecossistemas, cremos que monitoramentos de longo prazo sejam necessários para que se possa acompanhar, com alguma margem de segurança, a evolução desta delicada relação.Amphibians suffered a severe decline of their populations in recent decades. Among the various causes of the declines are infectious diseases. The present work aims to study the occurrence of selected diseases that can affect these animals in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and thus contribute to a better understanding of the consequences of these diseases for the conservation of these animals. We collected 120 animals from the Biological Station of Boracéia and performed necropsy, histopathology, microbiology, parasitology and conventional PCR for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis exams in most animals. We collected 33 different species belonging to seven different families. It was found at necropsy, endoparasites in 45.8% (55/120) of specimens examined and an ectoparasite in only one specimen. Of the total number of animals analyzed for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, 19.1% (22/115) were positive for this fungus. The necropsy and histopathological exams from the vast majority of animals studied did not show significant changes. The most affected systems were the digestive and integumentary followed by the lymphoid and urinary. The results shown in this work suggests that the infections agents did not induce relevant pathological processes in the specific conditions of this research. However, given the fragile balance of the Atlantic Forest and the susceptibility of amphibians to ecosystem change, we believe that long-term monitoring is needed to follow with some safety margin, the evolution of this delicate relationship

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians confiscated from illegal wildlife trade and used in an ex situ breeding program in Brazil

This paper describes an outbreak of chytridiomycosis affecting a group of Dendrobates tinctorius, a Neotropical anuran species, confiscated from the illegal wildlife trade and housed in a private zoo in Brazil as part of an ex situ breeding program. We examined histological sections of the skin of 30 D. tinctorius and 20 Adelphobates galactonotus individuals. Twenty D. tinctorius (66.7%) and none of the A. galactonotus were positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Multiple development stages of Bd infection were observed. The reasons for the interspecific difference in the rate of infection could not be determined, and further studies are advised. Because the examined population consisted of confiscated frogs, detailed epidemiological aspects could not be investigated, and the source of the fungus remains uncertain. The existence of ex situ amphibian populations is important for protecting species at higher risk in the wild, and ex situ amphibian conservation and breeding programs in Brazil may be established using confiscated frogs as founders. However, this paper alerts these programs to the urgency of strict quarantine procedures to prevent the introduction of potential pathogens, particularly Bd, into ex situ conservation programs.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) [09/52638-3]Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível\ud Superior (CAPES

Occurrence of sarcocystis falcatula in captive psittacine birds in Brazil

Thirty-eight captive psittacine birds housed in a bird park in Foz do Iguaçu, Parana, Brazil, died within a 15-month period as a result of infection with Sarcocystis falcatula. Although fatalities affected 16 species of psittacine birds, mortality was highest in Old World species, which were most susceptible to the pulmonary form of sarcocystosis. Along with the pathologic findings of this disease outbreak, a review of the pathophysiology of sarcosporidiosis is presentedFAPES

The use of singleplex and nested PCR to detect Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in free-living frogs

Many microorganisms are able to cause diseases in amphibians, and in the past few years one of the most reported has been Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. This fungus was first reported in Brazil in 2005; following this, other reports were made in specimens deposited in museum collections, captive and free-living frogs. The aim of this study was to compare singleplex and nested-PCR techniques to detect B. dendrobatidis in free-living and apparently healthy adult frogs from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The sample collection area was a protected government park, with no general entrance permitted and no management of the animals there. Swabs were taken from the skin of 107 animals without macroscopic lesions and they were maintained in ethanol p.a. Fungal DNA was extracted and identification of B. dendrobatidis was performed using singleplex and nested-PCR techniques, employing specific primers sequences. B. dendrobatidis was detected in 61/107 (57%) and 18/107 (17%) animals, respectively by nested and singleplex-PCR. Nested-PCR was statistically more sensible than the conventional for the detection of B. dendrobatidis (Chi-square = 37.1; α = 1%) and the agreement between both techniques was considered just fair (Kappa = 0.27). The high prevalence obtained confirms that these fungi occur in free-living frogs from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest with no macroscopic lesions, characterizing the state of asymptomatic carrier. We concluded that the nested-PCR technique, due to its ease of execution and reproducibility, can be recommended as one of the alternatives in epidemiological surveys to detect B. dendrobatidis in healthy free-living frog populations

Orbivirus Infections in Collared Peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) in Southeastern Brazil

We surveyed 49 free-living collared peccaries (Pecan tajacu) in Brazil for antibodies against bluetongue virus (BTV) and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2). Antibodies against BTV were detected in 19/49 (39%) samples. All samples were negative for PCV2. The importance of antibodies to BTV in collared peccaries remains to be determined.CNPqFAPEMIGPrPq/UFMGCAPE

Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis infection in a captive-bred American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeiana)

Abstract Background Tuberculosis is widely known as a progressive disease that affects endothermic animals, leading to death and/or economical losses, while mycobacterial infections in amphibians are commonly due to nontuberculous mycobacteria. To the authors’ knowledge, this report describes the first case of bovine tuberculosis in a poikilothermic animal. Case presentation An adult female captive American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus Shaw, 1802) died in a Brazilian aquarium. Multiple granulomas with acid-fast bacilli were observed in several organs. Identification of Mycobacterium bovis was accomplished by culture and PCR methods. The other animals from the same enclosure were euthanized, but no evidence of mycobacterial infection was observed. Conclusions The American bullfrog was introduced in several countries around the world as an alternative husbandry, and its production is purposed for zoological and aquarium collections, biomedical research, education, human consumption and pet market. The present report warns about an episode of bovine tuberculosis in an amphibian, therefore further studies are necessary to define this frog species’ role in the epidemiology of M. bovis