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Essentially narrative explanations.
This essay argues that narrative explanations prove uniquely suited to answering certain explanatory questions, and offers reasons why recognizing a type of statement that requires narrative explanations crucially informs on their assessment. My explication of narrative explanation begins by identifying two interrelated sources of philosophical unhappiness with them. The first I term the problem of logical formlessness and the second the problem of evaluative intractability. With regard to the first, narratives simply do not appear to instantiate any logical form recognized as inference licensing. But absent a means of identifying inferential links, what justifies connecting explanans and explanandum? Evaluative intractability, the second problem, thus seems a direct consequence. This essay shows exactly why these complaints prove unfounded by explicating narrative explanations in the process of answering three interrelated questions. First, what determines that an explanation has in some critical or essential respect a narrative form? Second, how does a narrative in such cases come to constitute a plausible explanation? Third, how do the first two considerations yield a basis for evaluating an explanation offered as a narrative? Answers to each of these questions include illustrations of actual narrative explanations and also function to underline attendant dimensions of evaluation
Hospitalization, Arrest, or Discharge: Important Legal and Clinical Issues in the Emergency Evaluation of Persons Believed Dangerous to Others
Using cosmic neutrinos to search for non-perturbative physics at the Pierre Auger Observatory
The Pierre Auger (cosmic ray) Observatory provides a laboratory for studying
fundamental physics at energies far beyond those available at colliders. The
Observatory is sensitive not only to hadrons and photons, but can in principle
detect ultrahigh energy neutrinos in the cosmic radiation. Interestingly, it
may be possible to uncover new physics by analyzing characteristics of the
neutrino flux at the Earth. By comparing the rate for quasi-horizontal, deeply
penetrating air showers triggered by all types of neutrinos, with the rate for
slightly upgoing showers generated by Earth-skimming tau neutrinos, we
determine the ratio of events which would need to be detected in order to
signal the existence of new non-perturbative interactions beyond the TeV-scale
in which the final state energy is dominated by the hadronic component. We use
detailed Monte Carlo simulations to calculate the effects of interactions in
the Earth and in the atmosphere. We find that observation of 1 Earth-skimming
and 10 quasi-horizontal events would exclude the standard model at the 99%
confidence level. If new non-perturbative physics exists, a decade or so would
be required to find it in the most optimistic case of a neutrino flux at the
Waxman-Bahcall level and a neutrino-nucleon cross-section an order of magnitude
above the standard model prediction.Comment: 8 pages revtex, 4 eps figure
Globalizing Hayden White
This conversation originated in a plenary session organized by Ewa DomaÅ„ska and MarÃa Inés La Greca under the same title of ‘Globalizing Hayden White’ at the III International Network for Theory of History Conference ‘Place and Displacement: The Spacing of History’ held at Södertörn University, Stockholm, in August 2018. In order to pay homage to Hayden White’s life work 5 months after his passing we knew that what was needed–and what he himself would have wanted–was a vibrant intellectual exchange. Our ‘celebration by discussion’ contains elaborated and revised versions of the presentations by scholars from China (Xin Chen), Latin America (MarÃa Inés La Greca, Veronica Tozzi Thompson), United States (Paul Roth), Western (Kalle Pihlainen) and East-Central Europe (Ewa DomaÅ„ska). We took this opportunity of gathering scholars who represent different parts of the world, different cultures and approaches to reflect on White’s ideas in a global context. Our interest was in discussing how his work has been read and used (or even misread and misused) and how it has influenced theoretical discussions in different parts of the globe. Rather than just offering an account as experts, we mainly wanted to reflect on the current state of our field and the ways that White’s inheritance might and should be carried forward in the future.Fil: Domanska, Ewa. Adam Mickiewicz University in PoznaÅ„; PoloniaFil: la Greca, MarÃa Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientÃficas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero. Departamento de MetodologÃa, EstadÃstica y Matemáticas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de FilosofÃa y Letras. Departamento de FilosofÃa; ArgentinaFil: Roth, Paul A.. University of California at Santa Cruz; Estados UnidosFil: Chen, Xin. Zhejiang University; ChinaFil: Tozzi, MarÃa Verónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientÃficas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero. Departamento de MetodologÃa, EstadÃstica y Matemáticas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de FilosofÃa y Letras. Departamento de FilosofÃa; ArgentinaFil: Pihlainen, Kalle. Tallinn University; Estoni
Mistakes
A suggestion famously made by Peter Winch and carried through to present discussions holds that what constitutes the social as a kind consists of something shared -- rules or practices commonly learned, internalized, or otherwise acquired by all members belonging to a society. This essays argues against the explanatory efficacy of appeals to this shared something as constitutive of a social kind by examining a violation of social norms or rules, viz., mistakes. I argue that an asymmetric relation exists between the notion of mistakes and that of the social. In particular, mistakes do not presuppose a concept of the social, but the concept of the social requires prior specification of a category of mistakes. But no such prior specification proves possible. The very notion of a mistake is so inchoate that it makes it impossible to provide the kind of regimentation required for a rule-governed domain. Thus, there may be recognized mistakes even in the absence of a unified system or common knowledge of norms. Later writers attempt to avoid Winch's over-strong assumption that something shared and internal constitutes the social but cannot. Extending recent work by Stephen Turner, I argue that "the social" is not a domain that is susceptible to lawlike treatment, but rather a heterogeneous, motley collection. For absent the assumption of a shared something, no social object exists to be explained. So, I conclude, we have at present no clear way of marking out the social as a coherent or unified domain of inquiry
The silence of the norms: The missing historiography of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
History has been disparaged since the late 19th century for not conforming to norms of scientific explanation. Nonetheless, as a matter of fact a work of history upends the regnant philosophical conception of science in the second part of the 20th century. Yet despite its impact, Kuhn’s Structure has failed to motivate philosophers to ponder why works of history should be capable of exerting rational influence on an understanding of philosophy of science. But all this constitutes a great irony and a mystery. The mystery consists of the persistence of a complete lack of interest in efforts to theorize historical explanation. Fundamental questions regarding why an historical account could have any rational influence remain not merely unanswered, but unasked. The irony arises from the fact that analytic philosophy of history went into an eclipse where it remains until this day just around the time that the influence of Kuhn’s great work began to make itself felt. This paper highlights puzzles long ignored regarding the challenges a work of history managed to pose to the epistemic authority of science, and what this might imply generally for the place of philosophy of history vis-à -vis the problems of philosophy
Hayden White in Philosophical Perspective: Review Essay of Herman Paul’s Hayden White: The Historical Imagination
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