FOOD PREPARATION AND ATTITUDES

The author discusses the attitude of homemakers and how these affect a woman's performance and feelings about the meal preparation process.Consumer/Household Economics,

Finger extensor variability in TMS parameters among chronic stroke patients

BACKGROUND: This study determined the reliability of topographic motor cortical maps and MEP characteristics in the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) evoked by single-pulse TMS among patients with chronic stroke. METHODS: Each of ten patients was studied on three occasions. Measures included location of the EDC hotspot and center of gravity (COG), threshold of activation and average amplitude of the hotspot, number of active sites, map volume, and recruitment curve (RC) slope. RESULTS: Consistent intrahemispheric measurements were obtained for the three TMS mapping sessions for all measured variables. No statistically significant difference was observed between hemispheres for the number of active sites, COG distance or the RC slope. The magnitude and range of COG movement between sessions were similar to those reported previously with this muscle in able-bodied individuals. The average COG movement over three sessions in both hemispheres was 0.90 cm. The average COG movement in the affected hemisphere was 1.13 (± 0.08) cm, and 0.68 (± 0.04) cm) for the less affected hemisphere. However, significant interhemispheric variability was seen for the average MEP amplitude, normalized map volume, and resting motor threshold. CONCLUSION: The physiologic variability in some TMS measurements of EDC suggest that interpretation of TMS mapping data derived from hemiparetic patients in the chronic stage following stroke should be undertaken cautiously. Irrespective of the muscle, potential causes of variability should be resolved to accurately assess the impact of pharmacological or physical interventions on cortical organization as measured by TMS among patients with stroke

Lessons for International Law from the Gulf War

Politically and militarily, the War in the Gulf remains an unsettled event. Although nearly two years have passed since the War, its political consequences are still evolving. Militarily, the recent reintroduction of allied forces into Iraqi air space suggests that the War continues, though at a much reduced level. In the long run, the War will probably be seen as a footnote to the larger political upheavals that marked the start of this decade—noteworthy because it made visible the realignment of the international order that had already occurred. While the War may be merely a footnote from the perspective of political history, it is a major event from the perspective of international law. It marked one of the few occasions on which there was a deliberate invocation of international law to justify military force. For this reason, an examination of the War can teach us much about the reality of, and possibilities for, international law. Given the continuing tumultuous politics of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, this legal reconsideration is important. Already, the international-legal machinery deployed in the War has served as a precedent for United Nations Security Council action authorizing military intervention in Bosnia and Hercegovina. We are moving rapidly toward a new world order of some sort. While it may be too early to predict the political shape of that order, it is not too early to consider the role that international law may play in it. Before we raise our hopes for a vital future for international law, we need to fully understand the character and power of existing international law. To that end, it is useful to examine international law as it operated, and failed to operate, in the Gulf War

Owen Fiss: Heroism in the Law

Owen Fiss has been my teacher, my colleague, and my friend for 25 years. There is probably no one in the profession to whom I feel closer. I don\u27t think I am alone in this feeling of admiration, respect, and friendship. In part, this Fissian magnetism can be accounted for in very personal terms. Owen goes out of his way for others, expressing genuine affection and concern. But the respect that Owen draws is based on something bigger: He is a hero of the law. Owen always has represented the possibility of the ideal within the law, but we can distinguish three different stages of his battle to match the ideal and the real. The progression among those stages is unfortunately a story of the diminishing possibilities for justice within law. As the law has diminished, Owen\u27s personal battle for justice has become all the more heroic

Gramm-Rudman and the Capacity of Congress to Control the Future

The Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, popularly known as Gramm-Rudman, raises formidable constitutional issues. Among the issues raised by the Act, one has not received adequate attention. That issue is the unique temporal aspect of Gramm-Rudman: the attempt of one Congress to constrain future Congresses. Although the constitutional arguments raised by the litigants have been partially successful thus far, there is a disjunction between the formal constitutional arguments and the substantive concern with the Act among both politicians and the public. Neither the nondelegation doctrine nor the separation of powers doctrine—the main grounds on which the Act has been attacked—touches the substantive problems that the Act has created