Additional file 1: of Genomic insights into the evolution of hybrid isoprenoid biosynthetic gene clusters in the MAR4 marine streptomycete clade

Table S1. Genome sequences used in this study. Table S2. ABBA PTases used as query sequences. Table S3. List of ABBA PTases identified in this study. Table S4. List of strains containing the complete mevalonate pathway. (PDF 215 kb

Effects of Temperature and Hydraulic Retention Time on Acetotrophic Pathways and Performance in High-Rate Sludge Digestion

High-rate anaerobic digestion of organic solids requires rapid hydrolysis and enhanced methanogenic growth rates, which can be achieved through elevated temperature (>55 °C) at short hydraulic retention times (HRT). This study assesses the effect of temperatures between 55 °C and 65 °C and HRTs between 2 and 4 days on process performance, microbial community structure, microbial capability, and acetotrophic pathways in thermophilic anaerobic reactors. Increasing the temperature did not enhance volatile solids (VS) destruction above the base value of 37% achieved at 55 °C and 4 days HRT. Stable isotopic signatures (δ¹³C) revealed that elevated temperature promoted syntrophic acetate oxidation, which accounted for 60% of the methane formation at 55 °C, and increasing substantially to 100% at 65 °C. The acetate consumption capacity dropped with increasing temperature (from 0.69–0.81 gCOD gVS^–1 d^–1 at 55 °C to 0.21–0.35 gCOD gVS^–1 d^–1 at 65 °C), based on specific activity testing of reactor contents. Community analysis using 16S rRNA pyrosequencing revealed the dominance of <i>Methanosarcina</i> at 55–60 °C. However, a further increase to 65 °C resulted in loss of <i>Methanosarcina</i>, with an accumulation of organic acids and reduced methane production. Similar issues were observed when reducing the HRT to 2 days, indicating that temperature <60 °C and HRT >3 days are critical to operate these systems stably

Direct oxidation of <i>rac</i>-PZQ (<b>4</b>) to ring opened product <b>6</b>.

<p>Direct oxidation of <i>rac</i>-PZQ (<b>4</b>) to ring opened product <b>6</b>.</p

Previous work on the synthesis of peptidomimetic scaffolds, and the unusual stereochemical outcome of the epoxidation of enediamide 1b reported here (Ar = 3-chlorophenyl) proven with X-ray crystallography (inset).

<p>Previous work on the synthesis of peptidomimetic scaffolds, and the unusual stereochemical outcome of the epoxidation of enediamide 1b reported here (Ar = 3-chlorophenyl) proven with X-ray crystallography (inset).</p

Comparison of enediamide outcomes.

<p>Comparison of enediamide outcomes.</p

Attempted epoxidation of enediamide 5 gives ring opened product 6, characterized by X-ray crystallography (inset).

<p>Attempted epoxidation of enediamide 5 gives ring opened product 6, characterized by X-ray crystallography (inset).</p

Regioselectivity in the opening of enediamide epoxides, and a comparison of observed selectivity with calculated M06-2X/6-311+G(3df,2p) free energies (298 K, kJ mol^–1) of iminium ions and possible products.

<p>Regioselectivity in the opening of enediamide epoxides, and a comparison of observed selectivity with calculated M06-2X/6-311+G(3df,2p) free energies (298 K, kJ mol^–1) of iminium ions and possible products.</p

Synthesis of enediamide 5, an intermediate in the proposed enantioselective synthesis of the drug praziquantel (4), and precursor to a ring-opened oxidation product 6.

<p>Synthesis of enediamide 5, an intermediate in the proposed enantioselective synthesis of the drug praziquantel (4), and precursor to a ring-opened oxidation product 6.</p

B3-LYP/6-31G(d) minimum energy conformations of A) 12a (found) and B) 12b (not found, showing eclipsed ester and <i>N</i>-Me groups) and C) view along the C2–C3 bond showing gauche arrangements of oxygen and nitrogen substituents.

<p>B3-LYP/6-31G(d) minimum energy conformations of A) 12a (found) and B) 12b (not found, showing eclipsed ester and <i>N</i>-Me groups) and C) view along the C2–C3 bond showing gauche arrangements of oxygen and nitrogen substituents.</p

Rhamnus liukiuensis Koidz.

原著和名: リウキウクロウメモドキ科名: クロウメモドキ科 = Rhamnaceae採集地: 鹿児島県 沖永良部島 大山 (大隅 沖永良部島 大山)採集日: 1973/4/2採集者: 萩庭丈壽整理番号: JH023326国立科学博物館整理番号: TNS-VS-97332