Zero temperature black holes in semiclassical gravity

The semiclassical Einstein equations are solved to first order in $\epsilon = \hbar/M^2$ for the case of an extreme or nearly extreme Reissner-Nordstr\"{o}m black hole perturbed by the vacuum stress-energy of quantized free fields. It is shown that, for realistic fields of spin 0, 1/2, or 1, any zero temperature black hole solution to the equations must have an event horizon at $r_h < |Q|$, with $Q$ the charge of the black hole. It is further shown that no black hole solutions with $r_h < |Q|$ can be obtained by solving the semiclassical Einstein equations perturbatively.Comment: 7 pages, to appear in the Proceedings of the Ninth Marcel Grossmann Meeting, change in titl

The Martial Deduction and Equalization Under the Federal Estate and Gift Taxes Between Common Law and Community Property States

In 1948, as the culmination of much dissatisfaction with the treatment of community property under the federal estate and gift tax laws, Congress adopted a new formula for the treatment of gifts and bequests between spouses; this formula was known as the marital deduction. It has remained practically unchanged since its adoption and still stands as an integral part of our federal estate and gift tax structure. The basic purpose of the deduction was to provide equalization in estate and gift tax treatment between spouses residing in community property states and those residing in common law property states. The plan of this article is to analyze the marital deduction against the experience of eight years to determine whether or not it has lived up to this basic purpose

ALIENS-NATURALIZATION PROCEEDINGS-IS ALLEGED COMMUNIST ATTACHED TO PRINCIPLES OF CONSTITUTION?

Seeking citizenship status, petitioner filed a formal petition for naturalization, introduced affidavits of two citizens as to his character, and testified under oath that he would support the Constitution. The Immigration and Naturalization Service opposed his petition on the ground that he failed to show a proper attachment to the principles of the Constitution as required by the Nationality Act. On hearing, proof was made that petitioner was a member and officer of the International Workers Order, an organization labeled by the House Committee on Un-American Activities as a Communist front. Testimony of an immigration inspector that petitioner had the reputation in his community of being a Communist was also introduced. On consideration of this evidence, the district court denied the petition for naturalization. Held, reversed; the evidence was insufficient to show a lack of attachment to the principles of the Constitution. Stasiukevich v. Nicholls, (C.C.A. 1st, 1948) 168 F. (2d) 474

America's North Coast: A Benefit-Cost Analysis of a Program to Protect and Restore the Great Lakes

Examines the baseline ecological conditions of the Great Lakes and offers a plan for the area's environmental protection and restoration. Demonstrates how a restoration program can provide economic benefits that substantially exceed its costs

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-EXPORTS-IMMUNITY FROM STATE TAXATION

Article 1, section 10 of the Constitution provides, No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports . . . . This clause places a limitation on state taxing power. The basic problem is to determine at what point goods in the process of being manufactured and prepared for foreign shipment become exports. If the goods are found to be exports, they are immune to state taxation. Two recent Supreme Court decisions have dealt with this question in an attempt to lay down a general rule applicable to future situations. Because two aspects of the export limitation are involved in these decisions, each will be treated individually in this comment

CONTRACTS-DURATION OF INDEFINITE EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS THAT SPECIFY PERIOD OF PAY

Normally a contract which does not express a time for performance is treated as enforceable. The courts interpret it to require that performance be completed within a reasonable time, basing their conclusion on a presumption of the intention of the parties. However, in the area of employment contracts, an exception to the reasonable time rule has developed. An indefinite contract for services is generally held to be terminable at will. The questions that come to mind are two: What is the basis for the unique treatment of employment contracts? What are the manifestations of intent that will defeat application of the terminable-at-will rule by making the contract definite

ADMIRALTY-FOREIGN ATTACHMENT-JURISDICTION OF COURT DEFEATED BY FRAUDULENT TRANSFER

Respondent, a Colombian corporation, contracted with libelant to transport a cargo of rice in its vessel, the Cali. On January 17, 1948, the Cali was wrecked and most of the rice lost. During the month of February the corporation, Compania Colombiana del Caribe, was formed under Colombian law, and on February 25, 1948, respondent\u27s only other vessel, the Alacran (renamed the Caribe) was transferred to it. On March 7, 1948, libelants brought a libel in personam against respondent in the Canal Zone district court and had the court issue a foreign attachment on the Caribe, then steaming through the Panama Canal. After seizure of the Caribe, libelants amended their libel to charge that the transfer of the Caribe to Compania del Caribe was in fraud of libelants\u27 rights. The proctors for Compania del Caribe moved to vacate the attachment. The district court allowed the motion on the grounds that libelants did not have a direct claim against Compania del Caribe and that any claim against it germinating from the alleged fraudulent transfer was a claim in equity, not a maritime claim. On appeal to the court of appeals, held, affirmed. On rehearing, affirmed. Before judgment, a court of admiralty does not have power to reach equitable interests belonging to a respondent. Swift & Co. Packers v. Compania Colombiana del Caribe S.A., (5th Cir. 1949) 175 F. (2d) 513