Meeting the needs of children with congenital and developmental cataract in Africa-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Meeting the needs of children with congenital and developmental cataract in Africa"</p><p>www.cehjournal.org</p><p>Community Eye Health 2008;21(65):18-19.</p><p>Published online Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2377386.</p><p>© 2008 International Centre for Eye Health, London</p

Additional file 1: of Reasons for poor follow-up of diabetic retinopathy patients after screening in Tanzania: a cross-sectional study

Study Questionnaire. The interview was conducted in Kiswahili by a native speaker. The structured questionnaire used was pilot tested on 10 patients at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC) prior to its use in order to ensure adequate understanding. The answers were recorded in Kiswahili and then translated into English. (DOCX 84 kb

Threshold values for Uganda (1–9 year olds) data.

<p><b>Panel A</b> shows the threshold as determined by visual inflection point analysis by 12 volunteer individuals, as detailed in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005230#pntd.0005230.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a>. <b>Panel B</b> shows the thresholds set by the finite mixture model and expectation-maximisation algorithm, as described in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005230#pntd.0005230.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a>. <b>Panel C</b> compares the threshold specifications by four different methods. Scatterplots show the normalised and sorted OD₄₅₀ values with horizontal lines marking the thresholds specified by VIP (OD₄₅₀ = 0.641), EM (OD₄₅₀ = 0.450), FMM (OD₄₅₀ = 0.554), ROC curve maximising Youden’s J-index (OD₄₅₀ = 0.870), ROC curve with sensitivity >80% (OD₄₅₀ = 0.968) and ROC curve with specificity>98% (OD₄₅₀ = 1.951).</p

Seroprevalence by Country, as estimated using alternate threshold specification methods.

<p>Seroprevalence by Country, as estimated using alternate threshold specification methods.</p

Threshold values for Laos (1–9 year olds) data.

<p><b>Panel A</b> shows the threshold as determined by visual inflection point analysis by 12 volunteer individuals. Volunteers had access only to the data presented in the leftmost panels, which shows sorted OD₄₅₀ values. The second panel in A shows the density of data points for the sample while the third panel in A shows a box and whisker plots with the range of threshold values that were selected by the 12 volunteers. The box shows the inter-quartile range for the values, with the thick horizontal line marking the median value. Whiskers show the upper quartile plus 1.5x the range between the 1^st and 3^rd quartiles. Outliers are shown by an open circle. <b>Panel B</b> shows the thresholds set by the finite mixture model and expectation-maximisation algorithm. Density plots of normalised OD values and thresholds, showing the FMM estimated distribution functions of ‘seronegative’ specimens in red and ‘seropositive’ specimens in green. Vertical lines show the threshold values determined by the finite mixture model (right-most line) and the expectation-maximisation algorithm (left-most lines). <b>Panel C</b> compares the threshold specifications by four different methods. Scatterplots show the normalised and sorted OD₄₅₀ values with horizontal lines marking the thresholds specified by VIP (OD₄₅₀ = 0.619), EM (OD₄₅₀ = 0.650), FMM (OD₄₅₀ = 0.696), ROC curve maximising Youden’s J-index (OD₄₅₀ = 0.870), ROC curve with sensitivity >80% (OD₄₅₀ = 0.968) and ROC curve with specificity>98% (OD₄₅₀ = 1.951).</p

Proportion of participants with different phenotypes considered seropositive by each threshold.

<p>Proportion of participants with different phenotypes considered seropositive by each threshold.</p

Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve showing the relationship between sensitivity, specificity and threshold values.

<p>Three different thresholds were specified to meet the requirements of: (A) an assay (threshold = 0.870 OD_450, specificity = 93.9%, sensitivity = 91.4%, PPV = 89.8%, NPV = 92.4%) with balanced sensitivity and specificity (maximal Youden’s J value); (B) an assay (threshold = 0.965 OD_450, specificity 94.8%, sensitivity = 89.4%) with at least 80% sensitivity and (C) an assay (threshold = 1.951 OD₄₅₀, specificity = 98.3%, sensitivity = 43.9%, PPV = 66.7%, NPV = 95.0%) with at least 98% specificity.</p

Distribution of participants in three trachoma studies, including clinical signs.

<p>Distribution of participants in three trachoma studies, including clinical signs.</p

Threshold values for Gambian (all ages) data.

<p><b>Panel A</b> shows the threshold as determined by visual inflection point analysis by 12 volunteer individuals, as detailed above in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005230#pntd.0005230.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a>. <b>Panel B</b> shows the thresholds set by the finite mixture model and expectation-maximisation algorithm, as described in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005230#pntd.0005230.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a>. <b>Panel C</b> compares the threshold specifications by four different methods. Scatterplots show the normalised and sorted OD₄₅₀ values with horizontal lines marking the thresholds specified by VIP (OD₄₅₀ = 0.570), EM (OD₄₅₀ = 0.570), FMM (OD₄₅₀ = 0.672), ROC curve maximising Youden’s J-index (OD₄₅₀ = 0.870), ROC curve with sensitivity >80% (OD₄₅₀ = 0.968) and ROC curve with specificity>98% (OD₄₅₀ = 1.951). Note that the thresholds set by VIP and EM are identical (0.570 OD₄₅₀) and overlap on the graph.</p

Typical results from an ELISA plate.

<p>Specimens are sorted by increasing OD values and are each represented by a separate diamond. The mean values of the controls tested in triplicate are represented by coloured horizontal lines.</p